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ARTICLE |
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Year : 1967 | Volume
: 15
| Issue : 5 | Page : 159-164 |
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Histological appearance of dacryocystitis
AH Rahi, SL Rahi, OP Ahuja, BR Shukla
Institute of Ophthalmology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
Date of Web Publication | 21-Jan-2008 |
Correspondence Address: A H Rahi Institute of Ophthalmology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India
Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None | Check |
How to cite this article: Rahi A H, Rahi S L, Ahuja O P, Shukla B R. Histological appearance of dacryocystitis. Indian J Ophthalmol 1967;15:159-64 |
As remarked by DUKE-ELDER (1952) inflammation of lacrimal sac is a common disease and an unpleasant one, partly because of the troublesome and conspicuous symptoms it may cause and partly because it has little tendency to resolve itself. Its adequate treatment also presents problems. Histopathological studies on the inflammed sac have been made by several workers notably-ROLLET AND BUSSEY (1923); POLACK (1930); BOMER (1931); VITTADINI (1933) and FAHMY (1934). Although various changes have been described no classification of the disease on the basis of histopathology was suggested.
Further, opinions have differed regarding the appearance of epithelium lining the lacrimal sac. The exact description varied with different workers as shown in [Table - 1].
In the present study we have made an attempt to classify the inflammatory process on the basis of our histopathologic findings. Also, we have presented our view regarding the nature of epithelium lining the lacrimal sac.
Present Study | | |
It was based on the examination of 304 lacrimal sacs excised in cases of chronic dacyocystitis. Microsection from each specimen was examined under hematoxylin-eosin, PAS, vanGieson, Reticulin, Verhoeff and Giemsa stainings. Various changes observed in these sections are summarised as below:-
(A) Changes in Lumen: Main findings were in the form of dilatation, division into compartments (multi-locular sac), obliteration, exudation which may be cellular or acellular.
(B) Changes in Epithelium: Various changes seen in different sections were in the form of necrosis, hyperplasia and stratification, fold formation and an increase in goblet cells. At places epithelium was seen to be dipping into submucosa giving the impression of pseudogland formation.
(C) Changes in Sac Wall:-These were in the form of hyperemia diffuse infiltration, degeneration of elastic tissue, increase in collagenous element and follicle formation.
(D) Changes in surrounding Tissues: Acute or chronic inflammatory reactions were found in the surrounding tissue (Peri-dacryocystitis) depending upon the nature and phase of inflammation at the time of surgical removal.
On the basis of observations stated above we suggest the following classification for a better orientation of the present concept of pathology of the disease process.
Classification of Dacyocystitis :-
I. SUPPURATIVE :-[Figure - 1] :Characterised by infiltration of lacrimal sac by acute inflammatory cells. Lumen is filled with thick exudates containing plenty of neutrophils. Epithelial lining shows necrosis and denudation at places. There is no hyperplasia.
II. NON-SUPPURATIVE :
(A) Non-granulomatous:-
(1) Chronic catarrhal type: No evidence of acute inflammation. Goblet cells increase in number [Figure - 2]. Lumen is filled with acellar secretion (mucin). When this process lasts longer and passages are almost blocked it leads to a condition called mucocele. When infected it may give a picture of suppurative variety, otherwise not.
(2) Hyperplastic type :-The sac wall shows evidences of non-specific inflammation. Most striking changes however are seen in the epithelium. From pseudestratified, it is converted into true stratified epithelium of 5-10 layers. At times it may be thrown into folds to form polypoidal growth. At places epidermidalization may also be evident [Figure - 3]. In this type of hyperplasia the goblet cells may take some part but are never predominant.
(3). Dacryocystitis pseudoglandalaris [Figure - 4],[Figure - 5]: The mucosa instead of projecting into the lumen may dip into the submucosa and the wall, to form pouches. These may lose contact from the general cavity and may form independent lumen [Figure - 4]. The goblet cells increase in number and may form gland like aggregates [Figure - 5]. Similar condition is found in the gall bladder and is called cholecystitis glandularis (BOYD 1961). As such this histological entity of dacryocystitis can better be designated as dacryocystitis pseudoglandularis. Since there is no true gland formation the term ' pseudoglandularis' is more suited than "glandularis."
(4) Follicular Types:-In this variety the brunt falls mainly on the wall of the sac. Apart from non-specific changes in the epithelium, the wall shows a characteristic follicle formation [Figure - 6]. The lymphocytes aggregate in a lymphnode fashion and are mostly discrete, but in certain cases they may show confluence and necrosis. These, along with hyperaemia of the wall are suggestive of trachomatous dacryocystitis.
(5) Fibrotic type :-The sac epithelium as well as the wall is atrophied. Every tissue is replaced by dense fibrosis and only a skeleton suggestive of a lumen is left [Figure - 7]). This is the ultimate end of the story in long standing cases with minimum of infection and inflammation.
(B). Granulomatous :-In this variety the sac shows more or less a circumscribed lesion in which the cells are mostly of histiocytic origin. The sac epithelium shows epithelioid cells and varied number of giant cells.
Specific varieties of dacryocystis like tubercular, leprotic, syphilitic, fungal, etc. as described by Duke-Elder (1952) can be grouped under this general heading.
The relative incidence of various types of dacryocystitis as observed in the present study, (according to the suggested classification) are given below [Table - 2].
The low incidence of suppurative variety as shown in this table is due to the fact that removal of the sac is usually deferred in acute stages, surgery being done after control of infection only. Hence by that time the histological behaviour changes considerably.
Comments | | |
We have suggested a classification in the belief that the histopathology of chronic dacryocystitis would be understood better and in its right perspective. We are aware of the fact that this classification and description by no means is final. However, this may provide a lead for further studies by the students of the subject on these lines and a universally accepted description may finally emerge.
Regarding the nature of epithelium lining the normal lacrimal sac our attention was drawn by our micro-studies of the diseased lacrimal sac. It was observed universally, that the epithelium was never ciliated. It may be suggested that the cilia might have been lost during the phase of prolonged inflammation. On theoretical grounds this may not be absolutely tenable, because cilia are observed in the epithelium of a frontal sinus even after years of inflammation [Figure - 8]-RAHI et al 1966. They are nexer lost completely in this process. Based on these observations, histology of uninflammed lacrimal sacs was performed and in these too, we failed to observe any cilia. These findings are in agreement with the description of DUKE-ELDER (1961) who has described the epithelium as non-ciliated in adults. He however has suggested that cilia are found in the lacrimal sac epithelium of the foetus. We have not yet studied this aspect of the problem.
During these studies we also observed that except in cases where hyperplasia was the predominant feature (hyperplastic decryocystitis) the sac was mostly lined with a single layer of epithelium. These findings were corroborated with our studies on the normal lacrimal sac epithelium. It is always single layered although the types of cells are seen i.e. columnar and flattened. Bases of columnar cells pass in between the flattened cells to be attached to the same basement membrane. Because of the difference in height of the two types of cells, it provides an optical illusion in the form of two layered epithelium [Figure - 9]. This type of epithelium is seen also in parotid duct, male urethra, and trachea. It is suggested that because of its special nature, lacrimal sac epithelium should be termed as pseudostratified columnar, the term which has been suggested for similar type of epithelium elsewhere (MAXIMOW and BLOOM-1954; SMITH and COPENHAVER-1953).
Summary | | |
Over 300 cases of lacrimal sac inflammations have been studied histologically under routine hematoxylineosin, and PAS, Giemsa, V. G. Verhoeff and Reticutin differential stainings.
The microscopic anatomy in diseased sac is described and a classification of dacryocystitis is proposed on the basis of histological appearances.
Relative incidence under each head is tabulated.
On the histological finding of two types of cells with different heights resting on the same basement membrane, the normal sac epithelium is considered to be composed of a single layer.
Acknowledgement | | |
The technical assistance extended to us by Mr. A. Y. Khan, technician histopathology and Mr. U. C. Gupta, phototechnician in preparation of this manuscript is gratefully acknowledged.[15]
References | | |
1. | Ashton, N. (1961), quoted by DukeElder in 5. |
2. | Bomer (1931), quoted by Duke-Elder in 4. |
3. | Boyd, W. (1961), Text Book of Pathology, VII Ed. p. 825. |
4. | Duke-Elder S. (1952), Text Book of Ophthalmology, Vol. V, p, 6000. Henry Kimpton, London. |
5. | Duke-Elder S. (1961), System of Ophthalmology, Henry Kimpton, Vol. 11, p. 577. |
6. | Fahmy, A. Y. (1934), Bull Ophthal. Soc. Egypt 27, 41. |
7. | Hogan M. J. and Zimmerman L.E., "Ophthalmic Pathology", W. B. Saunders & Co. II Ed. p. 222, 1962. |
8. | Last R. J., Wolff's Anatomy of the Eye and Orbit, H. K. Lewis, London, V Ed. p. 208, 1962. |
9. | Maximow A. A. and Bloom W„ A Text Book of Histology, W B Saunders & Co. VI Ed., p. 29, 1954. |
10. | Polack, (1930). Russ. O. J., 12: 567: |
11. | Rahi A. H., Rahi, S. L. and Ansari M. W. (1966), The Medicine and Surgery, 12, 14. |
12. | Rollet and Bussey (1923), quoted by Duke-Elder in 4. |
13. | Smith, P. E. and Copenhaver, W. H. (1953) Baileys Text Book of Histology, X111 Ed. 1953. |
14. | Sorsby, A. (1963), Modern Ophthalmology, Butterworth Lond., Vol. I, p. 208. |
15. | Vittadini (1933) quoted by Duke-Elder in 4. |
[Figure - 1], [Figure - 2], [Figure - 3], [Figure - 4], [Figure - 5], [Figure - 6], [Figure - 7], [Figure - 8], [Figure - 9]
[Table - 1], [Table - 2]
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