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ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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Year : 2007 | Volume
: 55
| Issue : 4 | Page : 267-269 |
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New classification system-based visual outcome in Eales' disease
Sandeep Saxena, Dipak Kumar
Department of Ophthalmology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
Date of Submission | 02-Jan-2006 |
Date of Acceptance | 18-Jan-2007 |
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Correspondence Address: Sandeep Saxena G-19 River Bank Colony, Lucknow - 226 018 India
Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.33038
Purpose: A retrospective tertiary care center-based study was undertaken to evaluate the visual outcome in Eales' disease, based on a new classification system, for the first time. Materials and Methods: One hundred and fifty-nine consecutive cases of Eales' disease were included. All the eyes were staged according to the new classification: Stage 1: periphlebitis of small (1a) and large (1b) caliber vessels with superficial retinal hemorrhages; Stage 2a: capillary non-perfusion, 2b: neovascularization elsewhere/of the disc; Stage 3a: fibrovascular proliferation, 3b: vitreous hemorrhage; Stage 4a: traction/combined rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and 4b: rubeosis iridis, neovascular glaucoma, complicated cataract and optic atrophy. Visual acuity was graded as: Grade I 20/20 or better; Grade II 20/30 to 20/40; Grade III 20/60 to 20/120 and Grade IV 20/200 or worse. All the cases were managed by medical therapy, photocoagulation and/or vitreoretinal surgery. Visual acuity was converted into decimal scale, denoting 20/20=1 and 20/800=0.01. Paired t-test / Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: Vitreous hemorrhage was the commonest presenting feature (49.32%). Cases with Stages 1 to 3 and 4a and 4b achieved final visual acuity ranging from 20/15 to 20/40; 20/80 to 20/400 and 20/200 to 20/400, respectively. Statistically significant improvement in visual acuities was observed in all the stages of the disease except Stages 1a and 4b. Conclusion: Significant improvement in visual acuities was observed in the majority of stages of Eales' disease following treatment. This study adds further to the little available evidences of treatment effects in literature and may have effect on patient care and health policy in Eales' disease. Keywords: Classification, Eales′ disease, laser photocoagulation, methotrexate, retinal periphlebitis, visual outcome, vitreoretinal surgery
How to cite this article: Saxena S, Kumar D. New classification system-based visual outcome in Eales' disease. Indian J Ophthalmol 2007;55:267-9 |
| Table 2: Initial and fi nal visual acuities and statistical analysis of decimal scale converted visual acuities in patients with different stages of Eales’ disease (n=221) are shown
Click here to view |
| Table 2: Initial and fi nal visual acuities and statistical analysis of decimal scale converted visual acuities in patients with different stages of Eales’ disease (n=221) are shown
Click here to view | Eales' disease is an idiopathic retinal periphlebitis that primarily affects the peripheral retina in young adults. Retinal changes include periphlebitis, peripheral capillary nonperfusion and neovascularization. [1],[2],[3],[4] The natural history of Eales' disease is quite variable with temporary or even permanent remission in some cases and relentless progression to blindness in others. Visual loss is characteristically caused by recurrent vitreous hemorrhage and their sequelae. [5]
Immune-mediated mechanisms [6] and enhanced oxidative stress have been proposed in the etiopathogenesis of this condition.
Visual outcome in Eales' disease, based on the disease severity, has not been documented till date. There are no well-documented evidences of treatment effects in Eales'' disease. Recently, a new classification system of Eales' disease was established, based on standard terminology and features. [7] A retrospective tertiary care center-based study, based on this new classification system, was undertaken with the hypothesis that patients presenting with earlier stage of the disease would have a significantly better final visual outcome after treatment. The aim of this study was to add further to the available evidences which might have effects on patient care and health policy.
Materials and Methods | | |
One hundred and fifty-nine consecutive cases of Eales' disease (mean age 23.8 ± 6.8 years, range 16 to 32 years) presenting at the retina clinic of this tertiary care center, with a median follow-up of 13 months (range, nine months to 25 months) were included in this retrospective analysis. All the cases were males. Duration of this study was from July 2001 to October 2005. Sample size was not calculated.
Diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis, sickle cell hemoglobinopathy, blood dyscrasias, sarcoidosis and collagen vascular disorders were ruled out after proper history, examination and investigations (fasting and postprandial blood sugar, chest X-ray, Sickle cell preparation, hemoglobin, hematocrit, total red blood cell and white blood cell count, differential count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, serum angiotensin converting enzyme and antinuclear antibody). All the eyes were staged according to the new classification system [Table - 1].
Visual acuity was the primary outcome measure. Initial and final visual acuities were recorded. Visual acuity was graded as follows: Grade I (excellent) 20/20 or better; Grade II (good) 20/30 or 20/40; Grade III (fair) 20/60 to 20/120 and Grade IV (poor) 20/200 or worse. [8] A successful visual outcome was defined as maintenance of visual acuity of 20/40 or better or improvement of visual acuity by one or more grades, by the last clinic attendance. Cases that did not fulfill these criteria were defined as having poor visual outcome.
All the cases were managed by medical therapy (oral methotrexate pulsed therapy, 12.5 mg/week for three months), [9],[10] laser photocoagulation and/or vitreoretinal surgery, according to the stage of the disease at the time of presentation.
Visual acuity was converted into decimal scale, denoting 20/20=1 and 20/800= 0.01. To see the improvement after intervention, paired t-test was used in case the data was normally distributed otherwise Wilcoxon signed-rank test for the difference was used using statistical package Stata 8.2. P -values less than 0.05 were considered significant.
Results | | |
Overall, 221 eyes with Eales' disease were included. Bilateral Eales' disease was observed in 71.94% cases. Vitreous hemorrhage was found to be the commonest presenting feature (49.32%). Stage 1a and 1b cases (n=35) were managed by medical therapy. Stage 2a cases (n=18) were kept under observation, Stage 2b (n=22) underwent argon laser photocoagulation. Stage 3a cases (n=21) also underwent photocoagulation, whereas, Stage 3b cases (n=109) were kept under observation till clearing of vitreous hemorrhage. Subsequently, 87 cases underwent photocoagulation and 22 cases underwent vitrectomy and laser photocoagulation for non-resolving vitreous hemorrhage. Medical therapy was also administered at any stage of the disease if associated retinal periphlebitis was observed. Stage 4a cases (n=14) underwent vitreoretinal surgery for management of retinal detachment. Eleven cases had macula-off retinal detachment. Three cases had retinal detachment encroaching the macula. In cases with Stage 4b disease, cyclocryotherapy was performed in one case with neovascular glaucoma, whereas, one case underwent cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation. Initial and final visual acuity at the last follow-up visit, according to the stage of the disease at initial presentation, is shown in [Table - 2]. Macular involvement was observed in the form of epiretinal membrane (n=5), macular non-perfusion (n=6), macular edema (n=13), retinal pigment epithelial abnormalities (n=21) and intraretinal hemorrhages (n=26). The majority of the cases (up to Stage 3 disease at the time of initial presentation) achieved good final visual acuity (20/30 to 20/40). Cases with Stage 4a disease achieved fair/poor visual acuity (20/80 to 20/400), whereas cases with Stage 4b disease achieved poor visual acuity (20/200 to 20/400).
Statistical analysis of decimal scale converted visual acuities is shown in [Table - 2]. Statistically significant improvement in visual acuities was observed in all the stages of the disease except Stage 1a and 4b.
Discussion | | |
Eales' disease is a distinct clinical entity comprising characteristic fundoscopic and fluorescein angiographic features. [11] A new classification system has been established recently at the international level, based on standard terminology and features. This classification system provides a method to categorize Eales' disease, based on both fundoscopic and fluorescein angiographic variables that have been shown to be prognostic of visual outcome. The new classification system for Eales' disease is unambiguous, consistent, simple and is useful in assessing the severity of the disease and monitoring the effect of medical, laser and/or surgical treatment. [7]
Visual outcome in Eales' disease was categorized according to this new classification system. Visual outcome based on the disease severity, was documented for the first time. Vitreous hemorrhage was observed to be the commonest presenting feature. Results were in accordance with the hypothesis. Median final visual acuity was found to be dependent upon the stage of presentation. Good visual outcome was achieved in Stages 1, 2 and 3. However, fair/poor and poor visual outcome was observed in Stage 4a and 4b, respectively. Statistically significant improvement in visual acuities was observed in the majority of stages of the disease. No improvement in visual acuity was observed in Stage 1a, since all the cases had excellent visual acuity at presentation, but treatment maintained visual acuity by not allowing further progression of the disease. Visual loss, most commonly, resulted from vitreous hemorrhage and retinal detachment.
Good visual outcome has been reported in cases of Eales' disease with venous occlusion. [12],[13] Atmaca et al ., [14] in a study from Turkey, also reported fair visual outcome in Eales' disease. Macula is not primarily involved despite extensive peripheral capillary non-perfusion in Eales' disease. [15] Macular involvement is more common in the advanced stage of the disease. In the present study, macular involvement was observed in the form of epiretinal membrane (2.26%), macular non-perfusion (2.71%), macular edema (5.88%), retinal pigment epithelial abnormalities (9.56%) and intraretinal hemorrhages (11.76%). Macula-off retinal detachment was observed in 4.97% cases. Macular involvement contributes to decreased final visual acuity. Therefore, status of the macula should be ascertained in cases of Eales' disease.
Meticulous management was observed as the key factor resulting in good visual outcome. The new classification system for Eales' disease was found to be useful in monitoring the effect of medical, laser and/or surgical treatment.
The strengths of this study have been a valid study question, data collection, analysis and statistical interpretation. The limitation may be the retrospective nature of the study. Interpretation and implications in the context of the totality of evidence may be implied from this study. Since there is no systematic review of visual outcome to refer to, this one could be used for future. Since this study adds further to the available evidences in literature, it may have effects on patient care and health policy. Future research direction may be a prospective multi-center trial, incorporating the effect of treatment on the underlying mechanisms with clinical research.
References | | |
1. | Gieser SC, Murphy RP. Eales' disease. In : Ryan SJ, editor. Retina Vol II. Medical Retina. CV Mosby: St. Louis; 1994. p. 1503-7. |
2. | Gieser SC, Murphy RP, Das T. Eales' disease. In: Roy FH, editor. Master Techniques in Ophthalmology. Williams and Wilkins: Philadelphia; 1995. p. 1063-8. |
3. | Biswas J, Sharma T, Gopal L, Madhavan HN, Sulochana KN, Ramakrishnan S. Eales disease-an update. Surv Ophthalmol 2002;47:197-214. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
4. | Das T, Biswas J, Kumar A, Namperumalsamy P, Nagpal PN, Patnaik B, et al . Eales' disease. Indian J Ophthalmol 1994;42:3-18. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
5. | Kumar D, Saxena RC, Saxena S. Vitreous haemorrhage in Eales' disease. Afro-Asian J Ophthalmol 1995;13:109-12. |
6. | Muthukkaruppan VR, Rengarajan K, Chakkalath HR, Namperumalsamy P. Immunological status of patients in Eales' disease. Indian J Med Res 1989;90:351-9. |
7. | Saxena S, Kumar D. A new staging system of idiopathic retinal periphlebitis. Eur J Ophthalmol 2004;14:236-9. [ PUBMED] |
8. | Palmer HE, Stanford MR, Sanders MD, Graham EM. Visual outcome of patients with idiopathic ischemic and non-ischemic retinal vasculitis. Eye 1996;10:343-8. [ PUBMED] |
9. | Saxena S, Kumar D, Kapoor S. Efficacy of oral methotrexate pulsed therapy in Eales' disease. Ann Ophthalmol 2000;31:60-2. |
10. | Bali T, Saxena S, Kumar D, Nath R. Response time of pulsed oral methotrexate therapy in Eales' disease. Eur J Ophthalmol 2005;15:374-8. [ PUBMED] |
11. | Theodossiadis G. Fluorescein angiography in Eales' disease. Am J Ophthalmol 1970;69:271-7. [ PUBMED] |
12. | Saxena S, Kumar D. Visual outcome in Eales' Disease with branch retinal vein occlusion. Ann Ophthalmol 1999;31:173-5. |
13. | Saxena S, Kumar D. Visual outcome in Central Eales' disease. Ann Ophthalmol 2001;33:300-2. |
14. | Atmaca LS, Idil A, Gunduz K. Visualization of retinal vasculitis in Eales' disease. Ocul Immunol Inflammol 1993;1:41-8. |
15. | Saxena S, Kumar D. Macular involvement in Eales' disease. Ann Ophthalmol 2000;32:98-100. |
[Table - 1], [Table - 2]
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