|
|
BRIEF COMMUNICATION |
|
Year : 2014 | Volume
: 62
| Issue : 4 | Page : 489-491 |
|
Multiple extra macular branch retinal vein occlusions in hyperhomocysteinemia
Abhijit Diwakar Gore, Girish Shiva Rao, Mansi Abhijit Gore, Abhishek R Desai
Department of Retina, Shree Ganapati Netralaya, Jalna, Maharashtra, India
Date of Submission | 09-Oct-2012 |
Date of Acceptance | 11-Apr-2013 |
Date of Web Publication | 8-May-2014 |
Correspondence Address: Abhijit Diwakar Gore Department of Retina, Shree Ganapati Netralaya, Jalna India
Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.132110
Hyperhomocysteinemia is a well-known modifiable risk factor for thromboembolism. Retinal vascular occlusion in patients having hyperhomocysteinemia is a known entity, particularly in young patients. However, multiple extra macular branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) is a rare condition, which can be a presentation of this disease. We present a patient who had multiple extra macular BRVO; on complete systemic workup, he was found to have raised homocysteine levels. Keywords: Extra macular BRVO, hyperhomocysteinemia, multiple BRVO
How to cite this article: Gore AD, Rao GS, Gore MA, Desai AR. Multiple extra macular branch retinal vein occlusions in hyperhomocysteinemia. Indian J Ophthalmol 2014;62:489-91 |
Hyperhomocysteinemia is a known risk factor for ocular and systemic vaso-occlusive events.
However, multiple extra macular branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVOs) has not been mentioned in literature with hyperhomocysteinemia.
Case Report | | |
A 45-year-old man presented with a history of blurred vision in his right eye since past 15 days. He was a known case of bronchial asthma since 6 years. On examination, his right eye best corrected visual acuity was 20/20. Anterior segment examination and IOP was normal.
Fundus examination showed multiple cotton wool spots inferior to the papillomacular bundle, extending toward macula with retinal hemorrhages temporal to macula [Figure 1]. | Figure 1: Color fundus photo showing numerous soft exudates in inferotemporal part extending toward macula in some part, multiple vein constrictions, and occlusions
Click here to view |
Red free and fluorescein angiography [Figure 2] and [Figure 3] showed areas of blocked fluorescence due to hemorrhages and multiple BRVOs. Macular perfusion was not affected as foveal avascular zone was normal. | Figure 2: Fuorescein angiography showing multiple branch retinal vein occlusions
Click here to view |
Optical coherence tomography [Figure 3] and [Figure 4] showed normal foveal contour and anatomy. Patient underwent complete systemic workup including hemogram with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), lipid profile, renal function tests, ANA, c-ANCA, p-ANCA, homocysteine levels, coagulation profile (Prothrombin time, APTT, bleeding time, clotting time, protein C and S levels), syphilis serology, echocardiography, and electrocardiogram. Except a raised level of homocysteine (35 ΅M) (normal range: 5-15 ΅M), all other levels were within normal limits.
He was started on anticoagulants and homocysteine lowering agents under guidance of an internist. As macular perfusion was not affected and there was no associated cystoid macular edema, no active ocular intervention was done. He was advised close follow-up for early detection of any further vision threatening vein obstruction.
Discussion | | |
Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is the second most common sight-threatening retinal vascular disorder after diabetic retinopathy. The incidence of BRVO is generally higher than the incidence of CRVO. Patients with RVO have a higher prevalence of stroke and a greater risk of cardiovascular disease than similarly aged individuals without RVO. [1]
BRVO prevalence has been shown to vary from 0.7% to 1.6%. BRVO is divided into two distinct entities: Major BRVO, when one of the major branch retinal veins is occluded, and macular BRVO, when one of the macular venules is occluded. In 66% of eyes with BRVO, there is occlusion of the major branch in the superotemporal quadrant, followed by 22-43% of eyes with occlusion of the major branch in the inferotemporal quadrant. Major BRVO can be asymptomatic or with visual blurring, usually involving the sector of visual field corresponding to the area of the retina involved. In macular BRVO, there is always a central visual disturbance with normal peripheral vision. [2]
Among all conditions leading to a hypercoagulable state, hyperhomocysteinemia was the commonest cause found in 21.9% patients. Homocysteine is an amino acid derived from methionine, which can be converted into cysteine. The metabolic pathways involving homocysteine require vitamin B 12 , vitamin B 6 , and folate for proper functioning. Various reports on hyperhomocysteinemia depict that arterial as well as venous vessels are involved in the disease. [3]
The rare syndrome of homocystinuria was first described in 1962 among subjects with mental retardation, ocular, and skeletal abnormalities, as well as a high risk of thromboembolism. [4]
Increased plasma homocysteine is associated with both RVO and retinal arterial occlusion, the elevation being greater in the arterial occlusion group. In young patients, RVO is less associated with systemic diseases and is more strongly associated with plasma homocysteine than in older patients.
Atherosclerotic plaques occur in young people with homocystinuria who suffer from premature, aggressive occlusive disease. Plasma concentrations of homocysteine are an independent risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in the general population. [5]
Mild to moderate elevation of plasma homocysteine is reported as a risk factor for occlusive disease. Specifically, many studies demonstrate hyperhomocysteinemia as an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis in the coronary, cerebral, and peripheral vasculature. The mechanisms by which homocysteinemia damages the blood vessel wall by supporting prothrombotic effects seems to be multifactorial. The various mechanisms reported include homocysteine-induced oxidative stress (redox stress), decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide, altered expression of various thrombotic factors, mutagenic effect on arterial smooth muscle cells, and expression of acute stress-related genes. [6]
Homocysteinemia presenting as multiple extra macular BRVOs has not been cited in literature. [1],[2],[3],[4],[5],[6],[7],[8],[9]
Patients presenting with such kind of clinical picture should be investigated thoroughly to rule out any modifiable risk factor such as hyperhomocysteinemia to prevent any further vaso-occlusive event.
References | | |
1. | Laouri M, Chen E, Looman M, Gallagher M. The burden of disease of retinal vein occlusion: Review of the literature. Eye (Lond) 2011;25:981-8. |
2. | Rehak J, Rehak M. Branch retinal vein occlusion: Pathogenesis, visual prognosis, and treatment modalities. Curr Eye Res 2008;33:111-31. |
3. | Ratra D, Dhupper M. Retinal arterial occlusions in the young: Systemic associations in Indian population. Indian J Ophthalmol 2012;60:95-100. [ PUBMED] |
4. | Cahill M, Karabatzaki M, Meleady R, Refsum H, Ueland P, Shields D, et al. Raised plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for retinal vascular occlusive disease. Br J Ophthalmol 2000;84:154-7. |
5. | Wright AD, Martin N, Dodson PM. Homocysteine, folates, and the eye. Eye (Lond) 2008;22:989-93. |
6. | Narayanasamy A, Subramaniam B, Karunakaran C, Ranganathan P, Shivaramakrishnan R, Sharma T, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia and low methionine stress are risk factors for central retinal venous occlusion in an Indian population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48:1441-6. |
7. | Vine AK. Hyperhomocysteinemia: A new risk factor for central retinal vein occlusion. Trans Am Ophthal Soc 2000;98:493-503. |
8. | Hayreh SS, Zimmerman B, Mccarthy J, Podhajsky P. Systemic diseases associated with various types of retinal vein occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol 2001;131:61-77. |
9. | Brown BA, Marx JL, Ward TP, Hollifield RD, Dick JS, Brozetti JJ, et al. Homocysteine: A risk factor for retinal venous occlusive disease. Ophthalmology 2002;109:287-90. |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4]
|