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BRIEF COMMUNICATION
Year : 2015  |  Volume : 63  |  Issue : 1  |  Page : 63-66

To report a case of unilateral proliferative retinopathy following noncerebral malaria with Plasmodium falciparum in Southern India


Sri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Nungambakkam, Chennai - 600 006, Tamil Nadu, India

Date of Submission26-Jun-2014
Date of Acceptance10-Jan-2014
Date of Web Publication16-Feb-2015

Correspondence Address:
Aditya Verma
Sri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Medical Research Foundation, 18, College Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai - 600 006, Tamil Nadu
India
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Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.151475

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  Abstract 

The retinopathy in association with malaria fever described so far includes retinal hemorrhages, vessel changes, retinal discoloration/whitening and papilledema. Malaria retinopathy has been mostly described in severe cases, associated with Plasmodium falciparum, correlating the patho-physiology of retinal and cerebral manifestations. We report an unusual case of proliferative retinopathy as a manifestation of malaria fever, caused by P. falciparum with no cerebral involvement. The patient had features of unilateral retinal vascular occlusion with proliferative changes and vitreous hemorrhage. To the best of our knowledge, such a case has never been reported so far in the literature. This report highlights the possible occurrence of severe proliferative changes associated with malaria fever, which if diagnosed early can prevent possible blindness.

Keywords: Malaria fever, microvascular occlusion, Plasmodium falciparum, proliferative retinopathy


How to cite this article:
Verma A, Krishna M S. To report a case of unilateral proliferative retinopathy following noncerebral malaria with Plasmodium falciparum in Southern India. Indian J Ophthalmol 2015;63:63-6

How to cite this URL:
Verma A, Krishna M S. To report a case of unilateral proliferative retinopathy following noncerebral malaria with Plasmodium falciparum in Southern India. Indian J Ophthalmol [serial online] 2015 [cited 2024 Mar 29];63:63-6. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/ijo/pages/default.aspx/text.asp?2015/63/1/63/151475

Malaria retinopathy has been used to denote the fundus changes seen in patients with malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. [1] Seen mainly in the patients with cerebral malaria (CM), these changes correlate well with the patho-physiology of obstruction of the microvasculature with infected erythrocytes. Patchy retinal whitening and focal changes in the vessel wall coloration are the most characteristic changes. [2] Proliferative retinopathy with neovascularization and vitreous hemorrhage has never been described as a manifestation of falciparum malaria. We report such a case in a patient with non-CM.


  Case Report Top


A 17-year-old female patient, resident of South India, presented with the complaints of sudden onset of the decrease in vision with gradual worsening in the left eye for the last 3 months duration. The patient was diagnosed with P. falciparum malaria about a week prior to the onset of the ophthalmic symptoms with sudden onset of chills and rigor with high grade fever, and peripheral blood film showing P. falciparum trophozoites and ring forms. The patient was treated with oral antimalarial drugs along with supportive treatment. There was no history of convulsions, seizures or unconsciousness during or preceding the treatment. The patient recovered from the fever within 10 days, with a gradual onset of decreased vision in the left eye. During the treatment, an ophthalmic referral was taken, which showed features suggesting neovascularization and vitreous hemorrhage.

At presentation to us, the visual acuity in the right eye was 20/20, N6, and in the left eye was 20/1200, N36. The patient was orthophoric with normal ocular movements. There was a trace relative afferent papillary defect in the left eye. The anterior segment examination findings of both eyes including gonioscopy were unremarkable.

The dilated fundus examination of the right eye revealed a normal fundus [Figure 1]. The fundus findings in the left eye [Figure 2] were as follows: The media was clear, with a small amount of vitreous hemorrhage inferiorly. The disc was pale. The macula showed few exudates suggesting mild chronic exudation, with pigment mottling. The major retinal arcade veins showed a severe obliteration of various degrees at the posterior pole as well as the periphery, with visible small neovascular fronds along the superior arcade vessels. The subhyaloid and the vitreous hemorrhage inferiorly were also evident.
Figure 1: Color fundus picture of the right eye showing a normal posterior pole

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Figure 2: Color fundus picture of the left eye showing a pale optic disc, with a few exudates along superior arcade vessels, and over macula. The major retinal arcade veins showing a patchy and severe obliteration of various degrees at the posterior pole, with visible small neovascular fronds along the superior arcade vessels (black arrows), and a small subhyaloid hemorrhage along the inferior arcade (white arrow). The superior arcade veins are dilated and tortuous as compared with the inferior veins

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The fundus fluoresceine angiogram of the right eye showed a normal study. The left eye, however [Figure 3] showed large areas of capillary drop out in the superior, temporal and inferior retina, various degrees of retinal vessel obliteration as well as multiple neovascular fronds along the superior arcade vessels. The vessel wall staining was evident, as was the capillary obliteration of the foveal avascular zone. The optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the right eye showed a normal foveal contour with a central subfield thickness of 171 microns. The OCT of the left eye [Figure 4] showed a schitic retina superior to the macula, with a few cystic spaces inferiorly, and subhyaloid hemorrhage with a central subfield thickness of 67 microns.
Figure 3: The fundus fluoresceine angiogram of the left eye with following prominent findings: (a) The late arterio-venous phase of the posterior pole with obliteration of capillaries at the foveal avascular zone with capillary drop out areas (hypofluorescent) and neovascular fronds (hyperfluorescent) seen superiorly; (b and c) large areas of capillary drop out in the superior, temporal and inferior retina, various degrees of retinal vessel obliteration as well as multiple neovascular fronds along the superior arcade vessels; while (d) late leakage from the neovascular fronds superiorly, with generalized vascular staining

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Figure 4: Optical coherence tomography of the left eye showing a schitic retina superior to the macula with a few cystic spaces, and a central subfield thickness of 67 microns

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The patient was advised for scatter laser photocoagulation in the left eye. She was followed over a period of 2 years, with slow but complete resolution of the proliferative changes in the left eye [Figure 5], with resultant fibro-vascula proliferation causing intermittent vitreous hemorrhage, which cleared spontaneously. The vision at the last follow-up in the left eye was 20/400, N36.
Figure 5: A color fundus montage picture of the left eye at the last follow-up showing a pale disc, well ablated retina, with regressed neovascular fronds and sclerosed retinal vessels superiorly

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  Discussion Top


Malaria is a mosquito borne infectious disease caused by parasitic protozoa of the genus Plasmodium. [3] It is mainly prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions. [4] The retinopathy seen in association with severe malaria is well-described in African sub-continent. [1],[5] P. falciparum has been found to be associated with retinopathy in malaria in almost all the cases. [6] Actually the term malaria retinopathy has been used in association with severe malaria caused by P. falciparum. [1]

Cerebral malaria is typically diagnosed based on the clinical signs of fever and deranged cerebral dysfunction (impaired consciousness, convulsions, focal neurological deficit, or psychosis) with a recent history of travel to the endemic area. Diagnosis of malaria is confirmed with the blood films for asexual forms of the malarial parasite, and computed tomography scan, followed by lumbar puncture (to exclude other causes like viral encephalitis or meningitis). Since our patient was diagnosed as malaria based on the peripheral blood films, with no other neurological signs, further investigations were not deemed necessary by the primary physician. [7]

Malaria retinopathy has been described to have four distinct components, namely patchy retinal whitening, focal changes in vessel wall coloration, retinal hemorrhages, and papilledema. [8] So characteristic are the first two findings, that they have been characterized to diagnose malaria in a comatose patient, even if the peripheral blood smear is negative for malarial parasites. [2]

Fundus changes in non-CM have also been studied by various investigators in pediatric and adult populations. The changes observed are similar to the severe malaria, with less severe manifestations. [2],[5],[9],[10],[11],[12] Even though, some or all the retinal findings may be noted in nonCM, retinal whitening and hemorrhages have been found to be particularly associated with the CM.

Since the severe retinopathy has been described mainly in patients with CM so far, the hypothesized patho-physiology has also been described accordingly in both the organ systems. Obstruction of microvasculature by sequestration of erythrocytes has been thought to play a central role, both in cerebral and retinal manifestations. [9] The physical obstruction by these rigid cytoadherent parasitized erythrocytes is compounded by reduced red cell deformability and adhesive forces between infected erythrocytes (autoagglutination) and between infected and uninfected erythrocytes (rosetting). Impaired retinal vessel perfusion was demonstrated in vivo by fluorescein angiography in 28 of 34 children with CM in a study in Malawi. [13] These patients similarly showed large areas of capillary drop outs as in our case study, but with no evidence of proliferative retinopathy secondary to these changes.

Authors hypothesize that the perfusion was impaired in the retinal circulation to such an extent so as to produce large areas of capillary nonperfusion, resulting in the formation of new blood vessels. The treatment in the form of 360° scatter laser photocoagulation resulted in reduced ischemic load and regression of the neovascularization, thus stabilizing the retinopathy.

The present case report underlines the importance of having early ophthalmic examination and possible intervention in all patients of malaria, even if the central nervous system is not affected. This case appears to be the first in the literature describing the presence of unilateral proliferative retinopathy, in a patient with severe non-CM caused by P. falciparum, being described in Indian population.

 
  References Top

1.
Sithole HL. A review of malarial retinopathy in severe malaria. S Afr Optom 2011;70:129-35.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Beare NA, Lewallen S, Taylor TE, Molyneux ME. Redefining cerebral malaria by including malaria retinopathy. Future Microbiol 2011;6:349-55.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Koram KA, Molyneux ME. When is "malaria" malaria? The different burdens of malaria infection, malaria disease, and malaria-like illnesses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007;77:1-5.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Snow RW, Guerra CA, Noor AM, Myint HY, Hay SI. The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature 2005;434:214-7.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Beare NA, Southern C, Chalira C, Taylor TE, Molyneux ME, Harding SP. Prognostic significance and course of retinopathy in children with severe malaria. Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122:1141-7.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
White VA, Lewallen S, Beare NA, Molyneux ME, Taylor TE. Retinal pathology of pediatric cerebral malaria in Malawi. PLoS One 2009;4:e4317.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Misra UK, Kalita J, Prabhakar S, Chakravarty A, Kochar D, Nair PP. Cerebral malaria and bacterial meningitis. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2011;14:S35-9.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
Beare NA, Taylor TE, Harding SP, Lewallen S, Molyneux ME. Malarial retinopathy: A newly established diagnostic sign in severe malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006;75:790-7.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Maude RJ, Dondorp AM, Abu Sayeed A, Day NP, White NJ, Beare NA. The eye in cerebral malaria: What can it teach us? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2009;103:661-4.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Essuman VA, Ntim-Amponsah CT, Astrup BS, Adjei GO, Kurtzhals JA, Ndanu TA, et al. Retinopathy in severe malaria in Ghanaian children - overlap between fundus changes in cerebral and non-cerebral malaria. Malar J 2010;9:232.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Looareesuwan S, Warrell DA, White NJ, Chanthavanich P, Warrell MJ, Chantaratherakitti S, et al. Retinal hemorrhage, a common sign of prognostic significance in cerebral malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1983;32:911-5.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.
Kochar DK, Shubhakaran, Kumawat BL, Vyas SP. Prognostic significance of eye changes in cerebral malaria. J Assoc Physicians India 2000;48:473-7.  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.
Beare NA, Harding SP, Taylor TE, Lewallen S, Molyneux ME. Perfusion abnormalities in children with cerebral malaria and malarial retinopathy. J Infect Dis 2009;199:263-71.  Back to cited text no. 13
    


    Figures

  [Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5]



 

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