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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 2015  |  Volume : 63  |  Issue : 9  |  Page : 692-698

Sympathetic ophthalmitis following vitreoretinal surgery: Does antecedent trauma make a difference?


Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Date of Submission14-Jan-2014
Date of Acceptance04-Nov-2015
Date of Web Publication3-Dec-2015

Correspondence Address:
Dr. Ekta Rishi
Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Sankara Nethralaya, 18 College Road, Chennai - 600 006, Tamil Nadu
India
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Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.170980

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  Abstract 

Background: Sympathetic ophthalmitis (SO) has been reported following vitrectomy; however, there is a lack of data on the role of antecedent penetrating ocular trauma impacting the disease manifestation in eyes developing SO following vitrectomy. Aim: To report differences in the presentation and outcomes of SO in eyes with or without a history of antecedent penetrating trauma; SO being diagnosed after vitreoretinal (VR) surgery. Design: Comparative case series. Methods: Seventeen consecutive patients presenting with SO following VR surgery, diagnosed between 1995 and 2011 were included. Eyes with and without prior penetrating injury were included in Group I (n = 7) and Group II (n = 10), respectively. All Group I patients had received systemic steroids prior to presentation. Demographic and clinical parameters were evaluated. Results: Differences were observed between Group I and Group II mainly with regards to time interval between VR surgery and diagnosis of SO (1.5 months vs. 8 months, P = 0.10), presence of neurosensory detachments (100% vs. 30%, P = 0.01), and the inciting eye vision at presentation (nil light perception in 28.5% vs. 80%, P = 0.049). Other differences observed though not statistically significant were optic disc and retinal vessel involvement (42% vs. 70%, P = 0.28), Dalen-Fuchs nodules (localized vs. diffuse) and leaks on fundus fluorescein angiography (pin-head vs. pin-point leak). Conclusion: SO in patients with antecedent penetrating ocular trauma present early with the central serous chorioretinopathy-like picture. Prior use of systemic steroids might have a bearing on the differences in presentation and the visual acuities between the two groups.

Keywords: Corticosteroids, immunosuppression, inflammation, sympathetic ophthalmitis, trauma, vitreoretinal surgery


How to cite this article:
Rishi E, Rishi P, Appukuttan B, Walinjkar J, Biswas J, Sharma T. Sympathetic ophthalmitis following vitreoretinal surgery: Does antecedent trauma make a difference?. Indian J Ophthalmol 2015;63:692-8

How to cite this URL:
Rishi E, Rishi P, Appukuttan B, Walinjkar J, Biswas J, Sharma T. Sympathetic ophthalmitis following vitreoretinal surgery: Does antecedent trauma make a difference?. Indian J Ophthalmol [serial online] 2015 [cited 2024 Mar 28];63:692-8. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/ijo/pages/default.aspx/text.asp?2015/63/9/692/170980

Sympathetic ophthalmitis (SO) is a bilateral diffuse uveitis occurring as a consequence of ocular trauma or surgery in one eye. The eye sustaining the injury or undergoing surgery is called the “inciting” or the “exciting” eye while the contralateral normal eye is called the “sympathizing” eye. Mackenzie[1] in? 1840 and Fuchs[2] in 1905 provided the earliest description of SO. The possibility of an autoimmune inflammatory response against uveal antigens as the etiology was proposed by Elschnig[3] in 1910. Prior penetrating injury has been the most common precipitating factor for SO. However, recent studies have reported increase in the incidence following surgical procedures.[4],[5],[6],[7],[8],[9],[10] The etiologic shift from accidental trauma to surgical trauma can probably be explained by the improved access to emergency surgical care following accidental ocular trauma. Gass[11] has reported SO following vitrectomy and Lewis et al.[12] have reported cases of SO after trauma and vitrectomy. However, there is a lack of data on the role of antecedent penetrating ocular trauma impacting the disease manifestation in eyes developing SO following vitrectomy. In this study of 17 patients with SO following vitreoretinal (VR) surgery, we analyze the impact of antecedent penetrating ocular trauma in disease manifestation and treatment outcomes.


  Methods Top


Review of the medical records of 17 patients presenting with clinical features of SO, between 1995 and 2011 was done. Only those patients with a history of VR surgery prior to the episode of SO were included. SO was diagnosed if features of posterior segment involvement in the form of either classic chorioretinal lesions or exudative retinal detachment (RD) or optic disc edema and sunset glow fundus were present, with or without bilateral anterior uveitis.[4] The minimal diagnostic criteria was the presence of multiple pin-point areas of hyperfluorescence with or without late dye pooling and disc leakage on fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and/or the presence of diffuse choroidal thickening of the posterior pole on? ultrasound B scan (USG). The patients were divided into two groups; those with prior penetrating injury constituting Group I and those without, constituting Group II.

Collected data included age, sex, presenting complaints, history of antecedent penetrating ocular trauma or any other ocular surgery, timing of the surgical procedures performed, the time interval between the VR surgery(ies) and the onset of symptoms, and the duration of follow-up and the final visual outcome. The clinical parameters recorded included the best corrected visual acuity measured by Snellen’s chart, at each visit, anterior and posterior segment manifestations with FFA and ultrasound B-scan features. Therapeutic response to steroids (oral, intravenous, and topical) and immunosuppressants (azathioprine and cyclosporine) and complications during the course of the treatment were also noted. The final visual outcome between the two groups was compared using nonparametric statistical tests. Statistical software (SPSS for Windows, version 13.0 SPSS Science, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis. The statistical significance was assumed at P ≤ 0.05.


  Results Top


Seven patients were included in Group I, whereas 10 patients were included in Group II. Demographic features of 7 patients in Group I are shown in [Table 1]. Demographic characteristics of 10 patients in Group II are shown in [Table 2]. Overall, the mean age at presentation was 37 ± 14.96 years (range 18–65 years); the mean age at presentation in Group I being 30.28 years (range 18–44 years) and that in Group II being 39.4 years (range 20–65 years). Vitrectomy was performed using 20 g instrumentation in all the patients in the study. Indications for VR surgery are depicted in [Figure 1]. Presenting symptoms and their timing of presentation are shown in [Table 3]. In Group I, 4 (57.1%) eyes underwent repeated surgeries within 2–4 weeks and all of them presented with SO within 1–1.5 months of the last surgery.
Figure 1: Bar diagram depicts the indications for vitreoretinal surgeries in 17 eyes that developed sympathetic ophthalmitis following surgery


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Table 1: Demographic features of 7 patients in Group I (VR surgery with antecedent trauma)


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Table 2: Demographic characteristics of 10 patients in Group II (VR surgery without antecedent trauma)


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Table 3: Differences in presenting symptoms and timing of presentation in the two groups


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All except 1 patient (Case 13) presented in the acute phase of the disease. Clinical presentation in sympathizing eyes (SEs) is shown in [Table 4]. Patients in Group I predominantly presented with neurosensory detachment [Figure 2]a and [Figure 3]a resembling “central serous retinopathy-like picture” (n = 4) along with mild anterior uveitis. Massive exudative RD was seen in the other patients (n = 3). Dalen-Fuch’s nodules were smaller, less numerous, and mostly limited to the posterior pole (n = 1). On disease resolution, atrophic retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) changes were observed more at the macula [Figure 2]b. However, patients in Group II presented with more significant anterior uveitis along with the posterior segment findings (n = 9). Classical granulomatous uveitis with large mutton fat keratic precipitates were seen in 2 patients. However, iris nodules were not seen in any of the patients. Posterior segment manifestations included disc hyperemia/edema (n = 9), peripapillary choroidal nodules (n = 7), and retinal vascular caliber changes (n = 5) [Figure 4]a and [Figure 5]a. Dalen-Fuchs nodules were numerous, coalescent, and present diffusely over the posterior pole and extending to the periphery as well (n = 3). On disease resolution, RPE atrophy was classically seen in the peripapillary area [Figure 5]b. Thus, the Group I eyes differed from Group II eyes mainly with respect to the presence of neurosensory detachments (100% vs. 30%, P = 0.01). Other differences noted though not statistically significant were disc and vessel involvement (42% vs. 70%, P = 0.28), Dalen-Fuchs nodules (localized vs. diffuse) and the areas of RPE atrophy on resolution (macular vs. peripapillary).
Figure 2: (a) Color fundus photograph of the right eye of a Group I patient showing a neurosensory detachment at the macula without any retinal vascular changes: A central serous retinopathy like picture. (b) Color fundus photograph 1 month after treatment. Resolution of subretinal fluid, with retinal pigment epithelial changes at the macula are noted. (c) Early arteriovenous phase and (d) late arteriovenous phase: Fluorescein angiography showing numerous pronounced retinal pigment epithelial leaks which are bigger and confined to the macula with late pooling of dye


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Figure 3: (a) Color fundus photograph of the left eye of a Group I patient showing multiple pockets of subretinal fluid with internal limiting membrane striae. (b) Early arteriovenous phase, (c) late arteriovenous phase and (d) late phase: Fluorescein angiography showing numerous retinal pigment epithelial leaks which increase in size with pooling of dye in late phase


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Table 4: Clinical presentation in SEs in the two groups


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Figure 4: (a) Fundus photograph of a Group II patient showing prominent peripapillary choroidal nodules, retinal vascular tortuosity and yellowish-white subretinal infiltrates scattered over the posterior pole. (b) Fundus fluorescein angiography montage of the late arteriovenous phase showing hyperfluorescent dots corresponding to the yellowish-white subretinal nodules scattered all over the periphery with hyperfluorescence in the area corresponding to the peripapillary choroidal nodules. (c) Late venous phase and (d) recirculation phase showing disc leak and staining of the retinal veins


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Figure 5: (a) Fundus (montage) picture of a Group II patient showing peripapillary choroidal nodules, retinal vascular tortuosity, and venous beading with yellowish-white subretinal infiltrates scattered over the posterior pole and periphery. (b) Color fundus photo of same patient after disease resolution showing retinal and optic atrophy. (c) Early arteriovenous phase and (d) late arteriovenous phase: Fluorescein angiography showing numerous hyperfluorescent dots corresponding to the yellowish-white subretinal nodules with early hypofluorescence and late hyperfluorescence in the area corresponding to the peripapillary choroidal nodules along with disc leakage and segmental staining of the retinal veins


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Though in small numbers, distinct fluorescein angiographic features were noted between the two groups. SEs in Group I revealed RPE leakages (n = 7). The RPE leaks were larger [Figure 2]c and [Figure 3]b, associated with late pooling of dye (n = 5) [Figure 2]d and [Figure 3]c, d, and usually confined to the posterior pole (except in 3 patients where the leaks were present beyond the equator). Retinal vessel changes and peripapillary hyperfluorescence were conspicuously absent. In contrast, Group II SEs predominantly showed early hypofluorescence and late hyperfluorescence in the area corresponding to the peripapillary choroidal nodules (n = 7) [Figure 4]b-d and [Figure 5]c, d, disc leakage in eyes with disc edema/hyperemia (n = 9), segmental staining of the retinal veins and arterioles (n = 2) [Figure 5]c,d, retinal venous beading and tortuosity (n = 6), and RPE leaks that were pin-point, multiple, and scattered all over the postpole extending beyond arcades up to the equator. Pooling of dye was seen in a limited number of patients (n = 2).

Medical management, duration of treatment, follow-up, and recurrence of inflammation are shown in [Table 5]. Oral and topical corticosteroids were the mainstay of treatment. Treatment with oral steroids was initiated with a dose of 1.5–2 mg/kg, tapered and followed-up with a maintenance dose of 5–10 mg/day. Multiple drug combinations were found necessary to control the inflammation in patients with inciting eyes (IEs) having ≤ PL vision in Group II and in all patients (except 1 who presented in the resolving stage of the disease) in Group I. Eyes with recurrent inflammation were managed with repeat cycles of immunosuppressive and systemic steroid therapy. No light perception (NLP) was noted in 2 (28.5%) and 8 (80%) of the IEs in Group I and II, respectively (P = 0.049). The final visual acuity in the SE was observed to be better in Group I, though not statistically significant (100% vs. 70%, P = 0.33) [Figure 6]. Two SEs (Case numbers 16, 17) in Group II showed visual deterioration due to secondary glaucoma and optic atrophy, respectively.
Figure 6: Scattergram showing the pretreatment and final visual acuity in the inciting eyes (a) and the sympathizing eyes (b) in Group I and the inciting eyes (c) and sympathizing eyes in Group II (d)


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Table 5: Medical management: Therapeutic agents, duration of treatment, follow-up and recurrence of inflammation in the two groups


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With respect to the IEs, 5 (71.4%) eyes in Group I showed deterioration of visual acuity while 1 eye remained same and 1 improved. Two eyes that worsened were prephthisical at presentation, 1 had secondary glaucoma with optic atrophy, 1 had second insult to IE in the form of another penetrating trauma and 1 developed recurrent rhegmatogenous RD. The final visual acuity in the IEs in Group II eyes remained the same in 6 (60%) eyes, worsened in 3 (30%) eyes, and improved in 1 (10%) eye. Among the 3 eyes that worsened, 1 developed secondary angle closure glaucoma eventually resulting in optic atrophy. The other 2 eyes were prephthisical at presentation and became phthisical with time. Treatment-related complications have been listed in [Table 6].
Table 6: Treatment related complications in the two groups


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  Discussion Top


SO following VR surgery has been reported previously.[7],[9],[10],[11],[12],[13] There are some reports of SO developing following VR surgery in the setting of antecedent trauma and few without. [7, 10, 11, 13] In our series, we tried to study and analyze the presentations and outcomes in both the groups. Patients with antecedent penetrating trauma were seen to present early and had better visual outcomes with treatment.

In patients with multiple surgeries, it was the subsequent (postprimary repair) VR surgery that was seen as the inciting factor in 71.4% patients in Group I and 50% patients in Group II. This aspect has also been reported by Tamai et al.[13] This could be explained by the additional insults imposed by the multiple surgeries. Thus, any kind of “recurrent” surgical manipulation in the IE can act as a trigger for SO.[6],[11] We found an earlier presentation (median 1.5 months) in Group I in comparison to Group II, though not statistically significant. Galor et al.[14] also found that trauma-inflicted patients presented earlier than surgically induced SO patients. However, patients in Group II had varied presentation with a median of 8 months (range 20 days to 12 years) similar to the study by Pollack et al.[7]

Both groups were similar with respect to the presenting visual acuity in the SEs but differed in the presenting vision among IEs (P = 0.029), which was significantly better in Group I. This may be due to longstanding posterior segment disease in Group II and also since 4 eyes were prephthisical. Better visual acuity in Group I patients could also be explained by the earlier presentation. 40% patients presented with NLP in the IEs in Group II. The clinical features in eyes from Group II involved mainly the optic disc, peripapillary area, and the retinal vessels, whereas neurosensory detachments at the macula were conspicuous in Group I eyes. This is in contrast with the findings by Pollack et al.[7] where anterior segment involvement was seen in 75% patients. Predominant involvement of the posterior segment has also been observed in a study on the Asian-Indian population by Gupta et al.[15] Isolated neurosensory detachment in Group I may easily be confused with central serous chorioretinopathy. A plausible explanation for this presentation is that these patients were treated with oral steroids at/before the presentation, which could have suppressed the inflammatory changes in the posterior segment leading to a limited disease manifestation. It is imperative to consider this differential in such eyes as patients with penetrating ocular injury are frequently treated with systemic steroids and the possibility of? central serous retinopathy (CSR) masquerading as SO[16] or vice versa cannot be ruled out. Differentiating between the two is even more essential from the treatment point of view as SO requires initiation of steroid therapy, whereas CSR warrants its discontinuation.

All patients in Group I (except 1) required additional immunosuppression with oral steroids, whereas IEs with ≤ PL vision (n = 8) in Group II required additional immunosuppression. This may imply that badly damaged and phthisical IEs require more aggressive management. Our treatment regime was comparable to that used by Su and Chee.[6] However, despite different treatment regimens the visual outcomes were good in the SEs in about 88% of the patients. The effect of the surgical outcome of cataract extraction in SEs has been reported earlier.[14],[17] In our study too, we found that patients who underwent cataract extraction or any other ocular surgery, in the sympathizing or the IEs, in the quiescent phase of the disease under steroid cover did reasonably well. However, surgeries on the IEs during the active phase of the disease were associated with recurrences of SO.

According to Galor et al.,[14] traumatic cause, exudative RD, and active inflammation were associated with poor visual outcome. A more severe course with traumatic SO theoretically may be the result of high-doses of antigenic exposure.[18] Patients treated promptly with prednisone and/or immunosuppression were more likely to achieve quiescence and seemed to do so more quickly.[4],[5],[6]

Poor visual outcome was observed in the inciting and SEs in Group II as compared to Group I. Whether this difference could have been due to the earlier presentation in the trauma group, cannot be inferred. Our study sample size is not large enough to conclude a statistically significant difference in the presentation and the outcome; however, we still feel that patients with multiple surgeries, who are at higher risks of developing SO, if detected and managed at the earliest may give a good visual outcome.

Kilmartin et al.[4] argued that early enucleation did not affect the visual outcome. In our study, eyes which were advised enucleation did not have any recurrences throughout the follow-up. Recurrences and severe inflammations when present were managed by stepping up the doses of steroids and use of additional immunosuppressive agents.


  Conclusion Top


Persistent, low-grade uveitis, or isolated posterior segment features following VR surgery should alert the ophthalmologist to the possibility of SO. SO patients with antecedent penetrating trauma present early with a CSR-like picture. Prior use of systemic steroids might have a bearing on the clinical presentation and treatment outcome. The presence of superadded infection/further surgical insults to the IE in the active phase of inflammation is likely to be associated with multiple recurrences of SO and poor visual prognosis in the IEs.

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the substantial contributions of our colleagues in the form of patient care and technical support: Drs Lingam Gopal, Sudha K Ganesh, Muna Bhende, Pramod Bhende, Amala E George, Mamta Agarwal, Suchitra Pradeep, Pradeep Susvar, Chetan Rao, Rajiv Raman and S Sudarshan.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

 
  References Top

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Mackenzie W. Treatise on the Diseases of the Eye. 3rd ed. London: Longmans; 1840. p. 523-34.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Fuchs E. About sympathetic inflammation (first remarks about serous traumatic iritis). Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol Graefe 1905;61:365-456.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
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4.
Kilmartin DJ, Dick AD, Forrester JV. Prospective surveillance of sympathetic ophthalmia in the UK and Republic of Ireland. Br J Ophthalmol 2000;84:259-63.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Chan CC, Roberge RG, Whitcup SM, Nussenblatt RB. 32 cases of sympathetic ophthalmia. A retrospective study at the National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Md. from 1982 to 1992. Arch Ophthalmol 1995;113:597-600.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
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Su DH, Chee SP. Sympathetic ophthalmia in Singapore: New trends in an old disease. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006;244:243-7.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Pollack AL, McDonald HR, Ai E, Green WR, Halpern LS, Jampol LM, et al. Sympathetic ophthalmia associated with pars plana vitrectomy without antecedent penetrating trauma. Retina 2001;21:146-54.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
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Maisel JM, Vorwerk PA. Sympathetic uveitis after giant tear repair. Retina 1989;9:122-6.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
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Ozbek Z, Arikan G, Yaman A, Oner H, Bajin MS, Saatci AO. Sympathetic ophthalmia following vitreoretinal surgery. Int Ophthalmol 2010;30:221-7.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Gass JD. Sympathetic ophthalmia following vitrectomy. Am J Ophthalmol 1982;93:552-8.  Back to cited text no. 11
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12.
Lewis ML, Gass DM, Spencer WH. Sympathetic uveitis after trauma and vitrectomy. Arch Ophthalmol 1978;96:263-7.  Back to cited text no. 12
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13.
Tamai M, Obara J, Mizuno K, Koisumi A. Sympathetic ophthalmia: Induced by vitrectomy not by trauma. Jpn J Ophthalmol 1984;28:75-9.  Back to cited text no. 13
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14.
Galor A, Davis JL, Flynn HW Jr, Feuer WJ, Dubovy SR, Setlur V, et al. Sympathetic ophthalmia: Incidence of ocular complications and vision loss in the sympathizing eye. Am J Ophthalmol 2009;148:704-10.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.
Gupta V, Gupta A, Dogra MR. Posterior sympathetic ophthalmia: A single centre long-term study of 40 patients from North India. Eye (Lond) 2008;22:1459-64.  Back to cited text no. 15
    
16.
Tandon R, Vanathi M, Verma L, Bharadwaj A. Central serous retinopathy masquerading as sympathetic ophthalmia. Eye (Lond) 2003;17:666-7.  Back to cited text no. 16
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17.
Ganesh SK, Sundaram PM, Biswas J, Babu K. Cataract surgery in sympathetic ophthalmia. J Cataract Refract Surg 2004;30:2371-6.  Back to cited text no. 17
    
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Croxatto JO, Rao NA, McLean IW, Marak GE. Atypical histopathologic features in sympathetic ophthalmia. A study of a hundred cases. Int Ophthalmol 1982;4:129-35.  Back to cited text no. 18
[PUBMED]    


    Figures

  [Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6]
 
 
    Tables

  [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5], [Table 6]


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