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PHOTO ESSAY |
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Year : 2016 | Volume
: 64
| Issue : 3 | Page : 225-226 |
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Central retinal vein occlusion as the initial presentation in leptomeningeal carcinomatosis
Anusha Venkataraman1, Bijnya Birajita Panda1, K Nagarajan2
1 Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India 2 Department of Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Date of Submission | 17-Jul-2015 |
Date of Acceptance | 16-Jan-2016 |
Date of Web Publication | 4-May-2016 |
Correspondence Address: Dr. Bijnya Birajita Panda Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha India
Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.181745
How to cite this article: Venkataraman A, Panda BB, Nagarajan K. Central retinal vein occlusion as the initial presentation in leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. Indian J Ophthalmol 2016;64:225-6 |
A 72-year-old male presented with complaints of sudden diminution of vision in his left eye associated with a severe headache, nausea and vomiting of 15 days duration. He gave a history of noncompliance to chemotherapy for gastric adenocarcinoma (after partial radical gastrectomy) 7 months back. Best-corrected visual acuity in the right eye was 20/40 and no light perception in the left eye. An afferent pupillary defect was detected in the left eye. Fundoscopy revealed papilledema in both eyes with a central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) in the left eye [Figure 1]. There was no involvement of cranial nerves other than both optic nerves. Visual fields tested by confrontation field testing were within normal limits for the right eye. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain and orbit showed irregular dilatation of ventricles with periventricular hyperintensities suggestive of extraventricular obstruction. Thickening and enhancement of bilateral optic nerve sheath complex [Figure 2] were also noted raising the possibility of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LC). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology revealed signet ring cells [Figure 3] as seen in adenocarcinoma. He was referred to the oncology for intrathecal chemotherapy and palliative radiotherapy but due to his deteriorating general condition he died within 2 months. | Figure 1: Colour fundus montage photographs showing papilledema in both eyes and central retinal vein occlusion in left eye
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| Figure 2: Magnetic resonance imaging of brain and orbits showing bilateral optic nerve sheath thickening with lumpy infiltration along the sheath margins
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| Figure 3: Cerebrospinal fluid specimen with May–Grunwald–Giemsa stain under ×40 showing few signet ring cells (cell nucleus pushed to the periphery) in a background of lymphocytes and arachnoid cap cells
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Discussion | | |
The incidence of retinal vein occlusion varies from 2/1000–8/1000 people, seen typically above 65 years of age with conditions such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, collagen vascular diseases, and hyperviscosity syndromes.[1],[2],[3] A neoplastic cause is, however, rare. LC, an infiltration of the pia mater and the arachnoid membrane by malignant cells is less commonly associated with solid tumors; lung, breast and melanoma being the ones most often reported. Gastric cancer complicated by LC as observed in our patient is very rare. It is estimated to occur in 0.16% of all cases of gastric cancer,[4] of which 87% have disseminated disease.[5] The most common ocular manifestations in LC include visual loss due to optic atrophy or optic neuritis, followed by diplopia due to cranial nerve palsies, ptosis, papilledema, anisocoria, exophthalmos, orbital pain, scotomas, hemianopsia, and nystagmus.[6] CRVO as an initial presentation in LC as seen in our patient with an inadequately treated gastric adenocarcinoma is not reported in literature until date except for a single case report of combined central retinal artery and CRVO in a patient with breast carcinoma.[7] Hence, an elderly patient presenting with CRVO and a no PL eye in the context of malignancy warrants high suspicion and detailed evaluation including MRI and CSF cytology to diagnose this rare association.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
References | | |
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2. | David R, Zangwill L, Badarna M, Yassur Y. Epidemiology of retinal vein occlusion and its association with glaucoma and increased intraocular pressure. Ophthalmologica 1988;197:69-74. |
3. | Clarkson JG. Central retinal vein occlusion. In: Schachat AP, editor. Retina. 3 rd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2001. p. 1368. |
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5. | Oh SY, Lee SJ, Lee J, Lee S, Kim SH, Kwon HC, et al. Gastric leptomeningeal carcinomatosis: Multi-center retrospective analysis of 54 cases. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15:5086-90. |
6. | Lanfranconi S, Basilico P, Trezzi I, Borellini L, Franco G, Civelli V, et al. Optic neuritis as isolated manifestation of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis: A case report and systematic review of ocular manifestations of neoplastic meningitis. Neurol Res Int 2013;2013:892523. |
7. | Schaible ER, Golnik KC. Combined obstruction of the central retinal artery and vein associated with meningeal carcinomatosis. Arch Ophthalmol 1993;111:1467-8. |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3]
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