• Users Online: 37497
  • Home
  • Print this page
  • Email this page

   Table of Contents      
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 2016  |  Volume : 64  |  Issue : 8  |  Page : 572-577

Burden and depression in primary caregivers of persons with visual impairment


1 Department of Ophthalmology, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, New Delhi, India
2 Department of Psychiatry, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, New Delhi, India

Date of Submission07-Oct-2015
Date of Acceptance04-Jul-2016
Date of Web Publication30-Sep-2016

Correspondence Address:
Dr. Upreet Dhaliwal
A-61, Govindpuram, Ghaziabad - 201 002, Uttar Pradesh
India
Login to access the Email id

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.191493

Rights and Permissions
  Abstract 

Context: Caregivers who assist persons with visual impairment often neglect their needs, resulting in burden and depression. Rehabilitation efforts, directed to the disabled, seldom target the caregiver. Aim: To assess burden and depression in persons caring for blind individuals. Settings and Design: This was a cross-sectional study carried out in the outpatient department of a tertiary-level teaching hospital in New Delhi. Materials and Methods : Institutional Ethical Board approval was obtained and written informed consent too was obtained from the participants involved in this study. Persons with best-corrected vision <20/200 in the better eye, and their primary caregivers, were recruited. We recorded demography, other illness/disability, household income, relationship with disabled person, and caregiver burden (Caregiver Burden Scale) and depression (Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale). Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 20 (Released 2011. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.); range, average, and standard deviation were determined for age, burden, and depression. The association between burden and depression was determined using Pearson's correlation; the relationship between degree of disability and caregiver burden and depression was determined using unpaired t-test; using multiple linear regression, factors were found to be statistically significant; significance was taken at P < 0.05. Results: Twenty-seven (53.0%) men and 24 (47.0%) women had visual impairment. Most caregivers (n = 40; 81.6%) were first-degree relatives or a spouse; 32 (65%) had schooling <5 years; and 29 (59%) were unemployed. Depression ranged from 21 to 52 (average 43.2 ± 5.71); it correlated with degree of disability (P = 0.012), household income (r = −0.320; P = 0.025), and burden (r = 0.616; P < 0.001). Burden ranged from 30 to 73 (average 54.5 ± 6.73) and correlated with degree of disability (P = 0.006). On multiple linear regression, burden predicted depression (r = 0.557; P < 0.001). Conclusions: Caregivers merit community support, financial benefit, interventions to diagnose and treat depression, and training in coping. Centers that provide disability certification could offer counseling.

Keywords: Blindness, caregivers, caregiving burden, depression, rehabilitation


How to cite this article:
Khare S, Rohatgi J, Bhatia MS, Dhaliwal U. Burden and depression in primary caregivers of persons with visual impairment. Indian J Ophthalmol 2016;64:572-7

How to cite this URL:
Khare S, Rohatgi J, Bhatia MS, Dhaliwal U. Burden and depression in primary caregivers of persons with visual impairment. Indian J Ophthalmol [serial online] 2016 [cited 2024 Mar 29];64:572-7. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/ijo/pages/default.aspx/text.asp?2016/64/8/572/191493

People with impaired vision often need help with everyday activities, treatment, finances, and emotional support.[1],[2],[3],[4],[5] Caregivers, unable to fulfill their own needs, may find the physical, psychological, financial, and social burden oppressive and may get depressed.[6],[7],[8],[9],[10] Rehabilitation programs address the needs of the disabled, but ignore caregivers.[5],[6],[9],[11] Research focuses on caregivers of neuropsychiatric and cancer patients;[5],[12],[13] there is limited work on visual disability,[6],[7],[8] mainly from the West where rehabilitation is advanced, and caregiver burden could be different. This study sought to assess burden and depression in caregivers of blind individuals with a view to helping plan effective rehabilitation.


  Materials and Methods Top


This cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2013 and February 2015 in a tertiary-level teaching hospital in New Delhi. After the Institutional Ethical Committee approval and written informed consent, persons with permanent visual impairment and their primary caregivers were recruited for the study. Permanent visual impairment was defined as best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of <20/200 in the better eye that was untreatable by any means; a primary caregiver was defined as the individual whom the person with visual impairment identified as being chiefly responsible for providing some form of assistance. The unwilling participants, and caregivers who were receiving financial compensation for services, were excluded from the study.

The sample size was based on data from a previous study where eighty persons with visual acuity ≤20/200 in the better eye were available over a 1-year period.[14] Not all of the patients in that study had permanent visual impairment; since the current study was based on disability of a permanent nature, we set sample size at 50.

Age, gender, urban/rural residence, years of schooling (none, 1-5 years, and >5 years), and employment status and type of occupation were documented for both groups - persons with visual disability and their primary caregivers. Those not bringing in an income were classified as unemployed. In addition, for the person with visual disability, BCVA, main cause of blindness (based on self-stated history, records, if any, and examination), details of chronic illness or other disability, and relationship with the caregiver were recorded; for the caregiver, monthly household income, burden (Caregiver Burden Scale) and depression (Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale [CES-D]) were recorded. For our study, both the Caregiver Burden Scale and the CES-D were translated into the local language, Hindi, by following a modification of the procedure recommended by the World Health Organization. One author (Shubhank Khare) translated all instruments into Hindi using a conceptual framework (forward translation); all the authors reviewed the translation and edited it, where required, for concepts and to simplify terms so that the target population could be expected to understand them. The Hindi translations were compared with the original instruments by pretesting on bilingual colleagues (three men and three women) who were not involved in the study. Both versions were presented at different times and responses compared to check for intra-respondent discrepancy. Once those were resolved through debriefs, the translated versions were pretested on persons who brought their relatives for ophthalmic care (two men and two women), followed by debrief sessions with them to identify any ambiguous terms that remained. The final version was used in the study.

We chose the Caregiver Burden Scale since it assesses caregiver health, psychological well-being, finances, social life, and relationship with the impaired person, factors that we considered relevant to our context.[15],[16] It consists of 22 questions reflecting how people feel when they are taking care of another person. After each question, the caregiver has to answer how often he/she feels burden (never, rarely, sometimes, frequently or nearly always, where "never" has score of 0, and "nearly always" has score of 4). A score of 0-20 indicates little or no burden, 21-40 = mild to moderate burden, 41-60 = moderate to severe burden, 61-88 = severe burden.

The CES-D has twenty questions which assess the current level of depression;[17] it has been validated several times over in Indians living in India.[18],[19] Each question has four different frequencies of occurrence of symptoms from rarely (<1 day in the preceding week and a score of 0), sometimes (1-2 days and a score of 1), occasionally (3-4 days and a score of 2) and most of the time (5-7 days and a score of 3). Eight of the twenty questions are "positive" questions for which the scoring is reversed. The score can range from 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating the presence of more symptoms.

The data were entered into Excel worksheet; range, average, and standard deviation were determined for age, burden score, and depression score. The relationship of caregiver burden and depression (separately) with caregiver gender, their occupation, and presence of systemic illness in the person they were caring for was tested by unpaired t-test. The relationship of caregiver burden with degree of visual disability was tested by analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey test; for caregiver depression we used Welch Allen test and post hoc Dunnet T3 test. ANOVA was used to correlate degree of caregiver burden and depression, separately, with their literacy status, and with their relationship with the person with visual disability. Pearson's correlation was used to determine the strength of association between caregiver burden and depression. Multiple linear regression was applied on factors that were found significant taking depression as the dependent variable. Results were considered to be statistically significant at P < 0.05.


  Results Top


Of the 53 persons who fulfilled the inclusion criteria, two had mental disability as well as visual, of a degree that they could not respond to the questionnaire and the caregiver was reluctant to wait or visit again; these were excluded from the study. The remaining, including two who had reported that they were living alone and did not have caregivers, consented to participate in the study and were recruited.

Persons with visual disability included 27 (53.0%) men and 24 (47.0%) women; 17 (33.3%) had economic blindness (best-corrected vision from <20/200 to 20/400 in the better eye or visual field ≤20°), 34 (66.7%) had social blindness (best-corrected vision <20/400 in the better eye, or visual field ≤10°). Among the people with social blindness, ten persons had no perception of light in either eye. Of the two persons without a caregiver, one had economic blindness (male, aged 48 years) and another had social blindness (female, aged 60 years). The chief causes of blindness are listed in [Table 1]. Globe disorders accounted for the majority (29; 29.4%); 21 (20.5%) were familial disorders.
Table 1: Causes of visual deprivation in 102 eyes of 51 persons with visual disability


Click here to view


No person had any other disability; however, 12 (23.5%) had other medical problems like diabetes (n = 7), hypertension (n = 2), coronary artery disease (n = 2), and both diabetes and coronary artery disease (n = 1). None of the persons with disability were employed.

The age of persons with visual disability ranged from 5 to 90 years (average 46.9 ± 21.45); the primary caregivers were significantly younger (range 16-65 years; average 39.9 ± 13.77; P = 0.03). One-third of the caregivers were illiterate and half were unemployed [Table 2]. The reported monthly household income was very variable and ranged from Rs. 200 to 5000 (average 1459.1 ± 723.47).
Table 2: Years of schooling and occupation of 49 primary caregivers of persons with visual impairment


Click here to view


Primary caregivers were equally likely to be men (n = 24; 48.9%) or women (n = 25; 51.1%). Most (n = 40; 81.6%) were either a first-degree relative or a spouse. Thus, progeny (n = 18; 36.73%; two were underage at <18 years), a spouse (n = 14; 28.57%), a parent (n = 7; 14.28%), or an older sibling (n = 1; 2.04%) looked after the needs of the person with visual disability. The remaining primary caregivers (n = 9; 18.4%) were either a nephew (n = 3; 6.12%), a niece (n = 1; 2.04%), a grandson (n = 2; 4.08%), an older male cousin (n = 1; 2.04%), a daughter-in-law (n = 1; 2.04%), or a paternal aunt (n = 1; 2.04%). Sons were more likely to look after their father, and daughters their mother (Chi-square = 4.219; degrees of freedom = 1; P = 0.039). Of parents, mothers were primary caregivers much more often than fathers (mother:father - 6:1).

Degree of depression in primary caregivers ranged from 21 to 52 (average 43.2 ± 5.71). [Table 3] shows the factors that affected depression in caregivers. Degree of burden ranged from 30 to 73 (average 54.5 ± 6.73); most caregivers reported feeling moderate to severe burden [Table 4]. The factors affecting burden are shown in [Table 5]. On multiple linear regression, burden was found to be a significant predictor of depression (r = 0.557; P < 0.001).
Table 3: Factors affecting depression in 49 caregivers of persons with visual disability


Click here to view
Table 4: Distribution of degree of burden experienced by primary caregivers of persons with visual disability


Click here to view
Table 5: Factors affecting degree of burden in caregivers of persons with visual disability


Click here to view



  Discussion Top


This cross-sectional study was conducted in a hospital setup and included patients with permanent visual disability and their caregivers. The aim was to measure the burden and depression of caregivers. Fifty-one persons with visual disability and 49 caregivers consented to participate; two persons were living alone and had no primary caregiver.

Using the Centre for Epidemiological Study Depression Scale, a cutoff score of ≥16 indicates risk of clinical depression and higher scores indicate greater depression. In our study, all caregivers had scores higher than 16. This information is alarming, and there could be various reasons for such a finding, and for the severity of depression (average was 42.1 ± 5.21). Low family income is a known cause for depression,[7] and was reported by our caregivers also. The fact that there are fewer public resources in our country for people with disability could have contributed. Studies have uniformly suggested that greater governmental support should be instituted in this area. In India, a disability pension is provided for disability above 40%, rail travel is free for completely blind persons and for one co-traveler, there are job reservations and tax benefits for ≥40% of disability.[20] An additional liability is not given consideration - the financial burden on caregivers - apart from taking physical and emotional care of the relative with visual disability, they have to spend money on the person's daily needs, medications, and transportation.[11],[21] The financial burden is aggravated by insufficient public resources at the community level,[11] and perhaps primary caregivers too could receive financial support.

Caregivers are likely to be more depressed when the disability is greater. This has been reported for disabilities other than visual.[6],[13] Greater disability may demand more effort from the caregivers, and take up more time and money. Similar data for depression and visual disability are lacking. In our study, greater disability did not predict caregiver depression; we speculate that since all had permanent disability, the caregiver, knowing that the vision loss was permanent, may have given up hope for recovery, whatever the degree of disability.[2]

We chose the CES-D since its psychometric properties and screening efficacy are not affected by age, gender, cognitive impairment, functional impairment, physical disease, or social desirability.[17] The fact that it diagnosed all our caregivers as depressed may be the actual state of affairs; however, it is possible that some degree of over-diagnosis resulted since the CES-D may not effectively distinguish between distress and depression.[22],[23] We suspect it is more distress than clinical depression that has been measured; nevertheless, we referred all visually disabled persons and their caregivers to the psychiatry department in our hospital for further counseling and management.

The degree of depression in caregivers, and the burden felt by them, did not depend on their relationship with the visually impaired person. Thus, aunts, nieces, and cousins were as depressed and as burdened as spouses, parents, and children. This finding is a surrogate marker for the social structure of family in India, where members of the extended family are equally invested in providing care for persons with visual disability; however, these results pertain to a hospital-based sample - in the community visually impaired people may not be getting the same level of support from the family.

Persons who have multiple disabilities are known to have greater difficulty performing daily tasks. The burden on the caregiver also is higher, especially when one of the disabilities is visual or neurological.[24] We were intrigued by this aspect; however, none of our disabled persons or caregivers had any other disability which could have contributed to their depression or burden.[25] While they did not have other disabilities, concurrent chronic illnesses such as diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and hypertension did coexist in a few persons (about one-fourth); we did not plan to exclude them from the study because a perusal of the literature suggested that these common conditions would be seen often, and exclusion would make achieving the sample size difficult in the fixed time frame.[26] We expected that these illnesses would add to depression through difficulties such as additional effort in daily tasks,[27] poor quality of life,[28] additional expense of buying medicines, additional time required for going for checkups, and pain or other discomfort related to the illness;[29] however, they did not. It is likely that visual disability per se is a significantly depressing condition and other difficulties pale in its presence.[1]

The caregivers in our study felt moderate to severe burden in the performance of caregiving. This is a matter of great concern. Caregivers who are under considerable stress often end up as patients themselves.[10] An intervention directed at diagnosing and treating depression in caregivers might reduce the burden they feel in providing care. Training in coping and problem-solving skills for both patient and caregiver has been shown to reduce burden.[6] Perhaps access to vocational and emotional rehabilitation for persons with visual disability could help.

Many caregivers were unemployed, and all the persons with disability were also unemployed. Although we did not assess reasons for unemployment, caregiving responsibilities may have taken precedence over employment for some of the caregivers. This factor has been reported by other researchers; time for caregiving duties has to be taken out from employment hours.[6] A matter of great concern is that all the persons with visual impairment were unemployed. That they can be useful members of society may not be known to them.[30] In addition, they may be unaware of the possibility of vocational rehabilitation or the presence and location of rehabilitation centers. Their attitude of helplessness, or the reluctance of caregivers to send a visually disabled person out to earn, may be another factor.[30],[31] Although our sample is small, our results suggest that family, community, and government/nongovernmental organization (NGO) efforts need to improve in multiple directions. Nationwide data on the number of visually impaired people should be updated, campaigns to make people aware and to motivate them for rehabilitation should be undertaken, and strengthening of the existing rehabilitation centers may be needed.[32] Community-based rehabilitation support for the visually impaired individuals as well as for the caregivers should be enhanced so that they do not feel isolated.[32]

Our study had a few limitations. The sample was small and might not be representative of the population. A larger sample might have determined associations where none were found. It was a hospital-based study; the findings may not be representative of the community. The design was cross-sectional; thus, we cannot deduce whether greater caregiver depression was due to greater burden or vice versa. Further, we did not measure the duration of blindness, the number of hours devoted to caregiving, or the type of care provided; perhaps these factors influence caregiver burden and depression.


  Conclusions Top


Caregivers felt burden and were depressed. Since burden was a major predictor of depression, community, and government/NGO efforts need to work to reduce burden felt by caregivers. Community-based support for the visually impaired individuals as well as for the caregivers should be a priority. In addition to the benefits available to people with visual disability, caregivers too could receive support, financial and otherwise. Training in coping and problem-solving skills for both patient and caregiver may help; vocational and emotional rehabilitation of the persons with visual disability might reduce caregiver burden and depression. We strongly recommend that all centers that provide disability certification to persons with visual disability should have a disability counselor in place. All persons with visual disability and their caregivers should be required to visit the counselor and, if required, a psychiatrist, to provide management of depression.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

 
  References Top

1.
Kempen GI, Ballemans J, Ranchor AV, van Rens GH, Zijlstra GA. The impact of low vision on activities of daily living, symptoms of depression, feelings of anxiety and social support in community-living older adults seeking vision rehabilitation services. Qual Life Res 2012;21:1405-11.  Back to cited text no. 1
[PUBMED]    
2.
Chia EM, Wang JJ, Rochtchina E, Smith W, Cumming RR, Mitchell P. Impact of bilateral visual impairment on health-related quality of life: The Blue Mountains Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004;45:71-6.  Back to cited text no. 2
[PUBMED]    
3.
Langelaan M, de Boer MR, van Nispen RM, Wouters B, Moll AC, van Rens GH. Impact of visual impairment on quality of life: A comparison with quality of life in the general population and with other chronic conditions. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2007;14:119-26.  Back to cited text no. 3
[PUBMED]    
4.
Adelman RD, Tmanova LL, Delgado D, Dion S, Lachs MS. Caregiver burden: A clinical review. JAMA 2014;311:1052-60.  Back to cited text no. 4
[PUBMED]    
5.
Bhimani R. Understanding the burden on caregivers of people with Parkinson′s: A scoping review of the literature. Rehabil Res Pract 2014;2014:718527.  Back to cited text no. 5
[PUBMED]    
6.
Bambara JK, Owsley C, Wadley V, Martin R, Porter C, Dreer LE. Family caregiver social problem-solving abilities and adjustment to caring for a relative with vision loss. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009;50:1585-92.  Back to cited text no. 6
[PUBMED]    
7.
Braich PS, Lal V, Hollands S, Almeida DR. Burden and depression in the caregivers of blind patients in India. Ophthalmology 2012;119:221-6.  Back to cited text no. 7
[PUBMED]    
8.
Arjmand P, Arora S, Damji K. Caregiver burden in ocular disease. Ophthalmology 2013;120:1107-8.  Back to cited text no. 8
[PUBMED]    
9.
Morimoto T, Schreiner AS, Asano H. Caregiver burden and health-related quality of life among Japanese stroke caregivers. Age Ageing 2003;32:218-23.  Back to cited text no. 9
[PUBMED]    
10.
Haley WE, Roth DL, Howard G, Safford MM. Caregiving strain and estimated risk for stroke and coronary heart disease among spouse caregivers: Differential effects by race and sex. Stroke 2010;41:331-6.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Mbugua MN, Kuria MW, Ndetei DM. The prevalence of depression among family caregivers of children with intellectual disability in a rural setting in Kenya. Int J Family Med 2011;2011:534513.  Back to cited text no. 11
[PUBMED]    
12.
Sansoni J, Anderson KH, Varona LM, Varela G. Caregivers of Alzheimer′s patients and factors influencing institutionalization of loved ones: Some considerations on existing literature. Ann Ig 2013;25:235-46.  Back to cited text no. 12
[PUBMED]    
13.
Lee Y, Lin PY, Chien CY, Fang FM. Prevalence and risk factors of depressive disorder in caregivers of patients with head and neck cancer. Psychooncology 2015;24:155-61.  Back to cited text no. 13
[PUBMED]    
14.
Kajla G, Rohatgi J, Dhaliwal U. Use of subjective and objective criteria to categorise visual disability. Indian J Ophthalmol 2014;62:400-6.  Back to cited text no. 14
[PUBMED]  Medknow Journal  
15.
Zarit SH, Reever KE, Bach-Peterson J. Relatives of the impaired elderly: Correlates of feelings of burden. Gerontologist 1980;20:649-55.  Back to cited text no. 15
[PUBMED]    
16.
Lebrec J, Ascher-Svanum H, Chen YF, Reed C, Kahle-Wrobleski K, Hake AM, et al. Effect of diabetes on caregiver burden in an observational study of individuals with Alzheimer′s disease. BMC Geriatr 2016;16:93.  Back to cited text no. 16
    
17.
Lewinsohn PM, Seeley JR, Roberts RE, Allen NB. Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) as a screening instrument for depression among community-residing older adults. Psychol Aging 1997;12:277-87.  Back to cited text no. 17
[PUBMED]    
18.
Cottler LB, Satyanarayana VA, O′Leary CC, Vaddiparti K, Benegal V, Chandra PS. Feasibility and effectiveness of HIV prevention among wives of heavy drinkers in Bangalore, India. AIDS Behav 2010;14 Suppl 1:S168-76.  Back to cited text no. 18
[PUBMED]    
19.
Zelaya CE, Sivaram S, Johnson SC, Srikrishnan AK, Suniti S, Celentano DD. Measurement of self, experienced, and perceived HIV/AIDS stigma using parallel scales in Chennai, India. AIDS Care 2012;24:846-55.  Back to cited text no. 19
[PUBMED]    
20.
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. Guidelines for Other Disabilities. Notification Dated 1 st June, 2001. The Gazette of India Extraordinary. Part 1. Section 1. No 154. pwd. Available from: http:// www.ccdisabilities.nic.in/page.php?s=reg&t=def&p=guide_others. [cited 2016 July 27].  Back to cited text no. 20
    
21.
Das S, Hazra A, Ray BK, Ghosal M, Banerjee TK, Roy T, et al. Burden among stroke caregivers: Results of a community-based study from Kolkata, India. Stroke 2010;41:2965-8.  Back to cited text no. 21
    
22.
Radloff L. The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas 1977;1:385-401.  Back to cited text no. 22
    
23.
Coyne JC. Self-reported distress: Analog or ersatz depression? Psychol Bull 1994;116:29-45.  Back to cited text no. 23
[PUBMED]    
24.
Schulz R, Sherwood PR. Physical and mental health effects of family caregiving. Am J Nurs 2008;108 9 Suppl: 23-7.  Back to cited text no. 24
    
25.
Crews JE, Campbell VA. Vision impairment and hearing loss among community-dwelling older Americans: Implications for health and functioning. Am J Public Health 2004;94:823-9.  Back to cited text no. 25
[PUBMED]    
26.
Court H, McLean G, Guthrie B, Mercer SW, Smith DJ. Visual impairment is associated with physical and mental comorbidities in older adults: A cross-sectional study. BMC Med 2014;12:181.  Back to cited text no. 26
[PUBMED]    
27.
Gazzotti MR, Nascimento OA, Montealegre F, Fish J, Jardim JR. Level of asthma control and its impact on activities of daily living in asthma patients in Brazil. J Bras Pneumol 2013;39:532-8.  Back to cited text no. 27
[PUBMED]    
28.
Wändell PE. Quality of life of patients with diabetes mellitus. An overview of research in primary health care in the Nordic countries. Scand J Prim Health Care 2005;23:68-74.  Back to cited text no. 28
    
29.
Dall T, Mann SE, Zhang Y, Martin J, Chen Y, Hogan P, et al. Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. in 2007. Diabetes Care 2008;31:596-615.  Back to cited text no. 29
    
30.
Kumar SG, Roy G, Kar SS. Disability and rehabilitation services in India: Issues and challenges. J Family Med Prim Care 2012;1:69-73.  Back to cited text no. 30
[PUBMED]  Medknow Journal  
31.
Mankar MJ, Joshi SM, Velankar DH, Mhatre RK, Nalgundwar AN. A comparative study of the quality of life, knowledge, attitude and belief about leprosy disease among leprosy patients and community members in Shantivan Leprosy Rehabilitation Centre, Nere, Maharashtra, India. J Glob Infect Dis 2011;3:378-82.  Back to cited text no. 31
[PUBMED]    
32.
Nagarajan D. Community based rehabilitation in India: Who contributes to CBR programmes for the visually impaired? Community Eye Health 1998;11:52-4.  Back to cited text no. 32
[PUBMED]    



 
 
    Tables

  [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5]


This article has been cited by
1 Association of spouse's vision impairment with depressive symptoms and cognitive decline in partner: A nationally representative study in China
Kun Xiong, Qi'ao Zhang, Huiyan Mao, Wenzhe Zhou, Qiangjie Huang, Yuanbo Liang
Journal of Affective Disorders. 2024;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
2 Association of spouse's health status with the onset of depressive symptoms in partner: Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study
Liu He, Zhoutao Zheng, Xueqin Li, Xingqi Cao, Jingyun Zhang, Chen Chen, Yuebin Lv, Chenkai Wu, Lisa C. Barry, Zhimin Ying, Xiaoyan Jiang, Xiaoming Shi, Zuyun Liu
Journal of Affective Disorders. 2023;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
3 Decision Tree Algorithm-Based Prediction of Vulnerability to Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Caregivers of Children With Glaucoma
Seoyoung Wy, Sooyeon Choe, Yun Jeong Lee, Eunoo Bak, Mirinae Jang, Seung Chan Lee, Ahnul Ha, Jin Wook Jeoung, Ki Ho Park, Young Kook Kim
American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2022; 239: 90
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
4 Burden and depression among informal caregivers of visually impaired patients in Mexico.
Raul E. Ruiz-Lozano, Sylvia L. de la Rosa-Pacheco, Julio C. Hernández-Camarena, Lucas A. Garza-Garza, Osvaldo Davila-Cavazos, M, Irving A. Dominguez-Varela, Manuel E. Quiroga-Garza, Alejandro Rodríguez-Garcia
Disability and Health Journal. 2022; : 101284
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
5 Impact on caregivers of patients with eye diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Daiana Roxana Pur, Arshpreet Bassi, Monali S. Malvankar-Mehta
Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2022;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
6 Effectiveness of Caretaker Empowerment Module Regarding Care of Visually Disabled Children on Knowledge and Practice among Mothers in Selected Special School at Puducherry
K Renuka, Jayaraman Bamalakshmi, Nandhini N Natarajan, T Chandra
Pondicherry Journal of Nursing. 2022; 15(2): 27
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
7 Assessment of Reasons for Presentation in New Primary Glaucoma Patients and Identification of Risk Factors for Late Presentation
Annamalai Odayappan, Srinivasan Kavitha, Shreyas Tejasvin Ramulu, Swati Upadhyaya, Rengaraj Venkatesh
Ophthalmology Glaucoma. 2021; 4(4): 382
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
8 Cross-sectional study evaluating burden and depressive symptoms in family carers of persons with age-related macular degeneration in Australia
Ivan Jin, Diana Tang, Jessica Gengaroli, Kathryn Nicholson Perry, George Burlutsky, Ashley Craig, Gerald Liew, Paul Mitchell, Bamini Gopinath
BMJ Open. 2021; 11(9): e048658
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
9 Measuring Disability in Glaucoma
Ayodeji E. Sotimehin, Pradeep Y. Ramulu
Journal of Glaucoma. 2018; 27(11): 939
[Pubmed] | [DOI]



 

Top
 
 
  Search
 
    Similar in PUBMED
   Search Pubmed for
   Search in Google Scholar for
 Related articles
    Access Statistics
    Email Alert *
    Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)  

 
  In this article
Abstract
Materials and Me...
Results
Discussion
Conclusions
References
Article Tables

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed3304    
    Printed48    
    Emailed0    
    PDF Downloaded383    
    Comments [Add]    
    Cited by others 9    

Recommend this journal