• Users Online: 46985
  • Home
  • Print this page
  • Email this page

   Table of Contents      
REVIEW ARTICLE
Year : 2017  |  Volume : 65  |  Issue : 10  |  Page : 920-925

Role of intravitreal/intracameral antibiotics to prevent traumatic endophthalmitis – Meta-analysis


1 Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia
2 Department of Community Medicine, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Melaka, Malaysia

Date of Submission22-Jun-2017
Date of Acceptance16-Aug-2017
Date of Web Publication17-Oct-2017

Correspondence Address:
Thanigasalam Thevi
Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Melaka, Jalan Mufti Haji Khalil, 75400 Melaka
Malaysia
Login to access the Email id

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_512_17

Rights and Permissions
  Abstract 

Traumatic endophthalmitis is a devastating condition that can occur following an open globe injury and result in loss of vision. The use of prophylactic antibiotics is empirical as most surgeons fear complications associated with the same. No systematic review has been performed in English on the role of intravitreal/intracameral antibiotics in preventing traumatic endophthalmitis. We searched for randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials comparing intracameral/intravitreal antibiotics with placebos on PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library using keywords open globe/trauma/penetrating/perforating injuries endophthalmitis. The last search was on 5 May 2017. We included patients of all ages with open globe injuries who received intracameral/intravitreal antibiotics, regardless of the dose. Quality of the trials was assessed using Cochrane collaboration tools to assess the risk of bias. The main outcome measures were endophthalmitis and visual acuity. We included three trials. Overall, intravitreal/intracameral antibiotics were noted to significantly reduce the occurrence of endophthalmitis in open globe injuries (relative risk [RR] 0.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.06–0.57). The use of intravitreal/intracameral antibiotics did not have an effect in improving visual acuity (RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.61–2.23). Two trials (Narang 2003; Soheilan 2001) were observed to have no significant effect on visual acuity while another trial (Soheilan 2007) did not list visual acuity as part of its objectives. Intracameral/intravitreal antibiotics reduce the risk of endophthalmitis in open globe injuries; although, there was no improvement in the visual acuity. We, therefore, recommend the use of intravitreal/intracameral injections in open globe injuries to prevent this devastating complication.

Keywords: Intravitreal/intracameral antibiotics, traumatic endophthalmitis, prophylaxis


How to cite this article:
Thevi T, Abas AL. Role of intravitreal/intracameral antibiotics to prevent traumatic endophthalmitis – Meta-analysis. Indian J Ophthalmol 2017;65:920-5

How to cite this URL:
Thevi T, Abas AL. Role of intravitreal/intracameral antibiotics to prevent traumatic endophthalmitis – Meta-analysis. Indian J Ophthalmol [serial online] 2017 [cited 2024 Mar 29];65:920-5. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/ijo/pages/default.aspx/text.asp?2017/65/10/920/216758

Description of the condition

Traumatic endophthalmitis is an urgent devastating ophthalmologic condition that can result in severe loss of vision. Endophthalmitis is a complication that can occur following open globe injury as bacteria can enter the eye directly, and the management is a challenge to the surgeon. The type and nature of the injury, the presence of intraocular foreign body (IOFB), and the pathogenic organism can all influence the occurrence of endophthalmitis.

Culture is positive in 28% and 33% of the eyes of open globe injury from the anterior chamber and vitreous tap, respectively, at the time of primary repair.[1],[2] In an analysis of endophthalmitis, Sharma et al. found gram-positive bacteria in postcataract (90%) and posttraumatic (55%) groups, whereas hyphate fungus was common in endogenous endophthalmitis (50%) (P < 0.001).[3]

Delay in primary repair, ruptured lens capsule, and dirty wound was each independently associated with the development of posttraumatic endophthalmitis.[4] Since prevention is better than cure, efforts should be made to prevent the occurrence of endophthalmitis.

There are numerous controversies regarding the management of the posterior segment in open globe injuries. The use of prophylactic intravenous antibiotics is empirical.[5],[6] Most eye surgeons fear complications associated with intravitreal injection and their use has therefore been advocated only in high-risk cases of open globe injuries.[7]

The commonly used intravitreal antibiotics are vancomycin, ceftazidime, amikacin, amphotericin, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and imepenam.[8] Mehta et al. reported that vancomycin, ceftazidime and moxifloxacin prepared in single-use polypropylene syringes retain potency, sterility, and stability up to 24 weeks when stored at −20°C or −80°C.[9]

The antibiotics have to be prepared with adequate sterility by trained personnel and injected with a 30 gauge needle directed towards the mid-vitreous cavity through the pars plana in phakic and pseudophakic individuals. In aphakic individuals entry is from the limbus through the anterior chamber into the vitreous.[8]

How the intervention might work

Static and dynamic barriers of the ocular structures limit the penetration of systemic and topical antibiotics, and satisfactory levels can only reach the vitreous through intravitreal injections. Topically instilled medicines are diluted by the tear film, causing loss of significant drug in the lacrimal flow.[10] Further low molecular weight antibiotics also undergo systemic absorption from the conjunctival capillaries and the nasolacrimal mucosal surfaces, leading to further drop in bioavailability.[11] The corneal epithelium also has tight junctions, leading to poor paracellular drug penetration, especially for ionic drugs.[12] Systemically administered drugs easily gain access to the choroidal extravascular space, but thereafter, distribution into the intraocular space via the retina is limited by the RPE and the retinal endothelium.[13] The drug diffuses freely in the vitreous cavity and reaches the retinal surface, facilitated by extraocular movements.[13] Diffusion from plasma to vitreous cavity is not high enough to assure clinical efficacy for hydrophilic antibiotics such as glycosamides and beta-lactams systemically so that intravitreal administration would be the preferred choice.[14]

Why is it important to do this review?

The globe with an open injury is susceptible to developing infection. The practice of administering intravitreal antibiotics varies from center to center. Out of 153 (30.6%) participants who responded at a conference, 20.9% were routinely administered with a prophylactic intraocular injection of antibiotics which included intracameral (47.9%) and intravitreal (42.0%) injections.[15] More respondents from referral hospitals used intraocular injections (92.7%) compared to primary hospitals (69.4%) (P = 0.001).[15] All eyes with posterior segment IOFBs received intravitreal antibiotics, and there were no cases of endophthalmitis after initial management in a study of IOFBs between 1999 and 2008 in Bascom Palmer Eye Institute.[16] To the best of our knowledge, there has been no review anywhere in the literature on the effects of intravitreal antibiotics in the prevention of endophthalmitis in open globe injuries.

Objective

To assess the effects of intravitreal antibiotics in preventing endophthalmitis in open globe injuries.


  Materials and Methods Top


Criteria for including studies for this review:

Types of studies

Randomized control trials and controlled clinical trials.

Types of participants

Patients of all ages who had open globe injuries.

Types of interventions

Intravitreal antibiotics regardless of the dose and type of antibiotic used.

Types of outcome measures





  1. Endophthalmitis
  2. Visual acuity


Search methods for identification of studies

Relevant studies were identified on PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library using the words open globe injuries, trauma penetrating/perforating injuries, endophthalmitis. The last search was done on May 5, 2017. We obtained full texts through the Ministry of Health Virtual Library and the Library of Melaka Manipal Medical College Malaysia.


  Data Collection And Analysis Top


Selection of studies

The review authors (TT and ALA) independently assessed the trial eligibility of the studies and screened the studies to be entered. We resolved disagreements through discussion. We reviewed the full texts of all the articles.

Data extraction and management

The review authors independently selected the studies. Any dispute was settled by discussion among the authors.

Assessment of risk of bias in included studies

We assessed random sequence generation (selection bias), allocation concealment (selection bias), blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias), blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias), incomplete outcome data (attrition bias), and selective reporting (reporting bias). We assessed the risks of bias as low risk, moderate risk, and high risk.

Data synthesis

We carried out meta-analysis using Review Manager Software (RevMan 2014) for the trials that were eligible. We utilized fixed-effect meta-analysis model for trials that were sufficiently similar with no significant heterogeneity. We utilized risk ratio or mean differences as summary measures where applicable.

Assessment of heterogeneity

We used the Chi-square test for heterogeneity (significance level P < 0.1) and quantify the degree of heterogeneity by means of the I2 statistic. We regard an I2 value of 30% or more as having moderate heterogeneity.

Assessment of reporting bias

Comprehensive searches were made in an attempt to minimize publication and reporting biases. We considered and assessed selective outcome reporting within studies as part of the risk of bias assessment. We aimed to utilize funnel plot analysis to assess for publication bias; however, there were insufficient trials with similar outcome measures to perform these funnel plot analysis.

Sensitivity analysis

We planned to carry out a sensitivity analysis to explore the effects of the risk of bias of the trials (assessed by concealment of allocation, blinding of participants and personnel, blinding of outcome assessment, incomplete outcome data, and selective reporting) and thereafter by excluding trials with a high risk of bias for this domain. However, there were insufficient trials with similar outcome measure to permit us do this analysis in this review.


  Results Top


Search results

We established seven records of which all seven were identified through database searching via the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PubMed and Google Scholar [Figure 1]. No other record was identified through other sources. From this list, we removed four records that did not fully fulfill the inclusion criteria, leaving us a total of three trials. We proceeded to obtain the full texts of all three trials. Following the assessment of these full-text articles, we considered three trials (published in three papers) for inclusion in this review and excluded four trials. Of the four trials excluded, we classified one of these [17] as an on-going trial [Figure 1].
Figure 1: Flow chart - selection of studies for inclusion

Click here to view


Included studies

We included three trials that met our inclusion criteria. There were altogether a total of 309 participants involved in these studies [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]. In Narang et al.[18] 2003, 70 participants comprising of 57 males and 13 females received either an intravitreal injection of vancomycin 1 mg and ceftazidime 2.25 mg or placebo with expected outcomes of endophthalmitis and visual acuity. In another trial,[19] a total of 60 participants were exposed to either intracameral or intravitreal injection of 0.1 mL containing 40 μg gentamicin and 45 μg clindamycin or balanced salt solution with expected outcomes of endophthalmitis and visual acuity. A third trial [20] saw a total of 179 participants in the antibiotic group receiving a combination of 40 μg gentamicin and 45 μg clindamycin and 167 in the placebo group receiving a balanced salt solution. The outcomes analysed in this trial included incidence of endophthalmitis, rate, and types of additional procedures required.
Table 1: Characteristics of included study - Narang 2003

Click here to view
Table 2: Characteristics of included study - Soleihian 2001

Click here to view
Table 3: Characteristics of included study - Soleihian 2007

Click here to view


Excluded studies

We excluded four studies from the review. Three trials did not fully fulfill the inclusion criteria(Wang [21] 2007; Siqueira [22] 2009; Tabatabaei [23] 2016). Another trial was excluded as ongoing.[17]

Risk of bias in included studies

The overall risks of bias are presented graphically in [Table 4], [Table 5], [Table 6].
Table 4: Risk of bias - Narang 2003

Click here to view
Table 5: Risk of bias - - Soleihian 2001

Click here to view
Table 6: Risk of bias - Soleihian 2007

Click here to view


Allocation (selection bias)

All three trials reported the use of randomization as techniques to divide into intervention and placebo groups. Two provided further details of these and was therefore assessed as having a low risk of bias.[18],[20] We have assessed the remaining one trial as having an unclear risk.[19] Method of allocation concealment was not mentioned in any of the included trials and we therefore assessed all as having an unclear risk of bias.

Blinding (performance bias and detection bias)

Two of the three trials included in the analysis reported the use of a double-blinding procedure during the trial.[19],[20] The remaining one trial [18] did not provide details of the blinding procedure and was therefore categorized as having an unclear risk of bias.

Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias)

All three included trials [18],[19],[20] had reported complete outcome data. We had therefore classified all these trials as having low risk bias in this domain.

Selective reporting (reporting bias)

We categorized all included trials [18],[19],[20] as having low risk of reporting bias as all outcomes objectives of these trials were analyzed and presented in the manuscripts.

Effects of interventions

Incidence of endophthalmitis

Overall, additions of intravitreal or intracameral antibiotics were noted to significantly reduce the occurrence of endophthalmitis (relative risk [RR] 0.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.06–0.57; [Table 7] and [Figure 2]). Perusing at the trials individually, we noted two trials did not reduce development of endophthalmitis [18],[19] while another trial [20] observed a significant reduction of incidence of endophthalmitis among those receiving intravitreal antibiotics (RR 0.12, 95% CI 0.10–0.92).
Figure 2: Forest plot-incidence of endophthalmitis among those receiving antibiotics and placebo

Click here to view
Table 7: Incidence of endophthalmitis among those receiving antibiotics and placebo

Click here to view


Visual acuity

There was no overall effect of addition of intravitreal or intracameral antibiotics in enhancing visual acuity (RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.61–2.23; [Table 8] and [Figure 3]). Two trials [18],[19] were observed to have no significant effect on visual acuity while another trial [20] did not list visual acuity as part of its objectives and hence returned no outcome data.
Table 8: Improvement on visual acuity among those receiving antibiotics and placebo

Click here to view
Figure 3: Forest plot-enhancement of visual acuity among those receiving antibiotics and placebo

Click here to view



  Discussion Top


Summary of the main results

We identified seven records but removed four that did not fulfill our criteria, thereby leaving us with a total of three trials. Overall, we found that the addition of intravitreal or intracameral antibiotics reduced the incidence of endophthalmitis. Individually, two trials did not reduce the development of endophthalmitis,[18],[19] whereas only one trial [20] observed a reduction of endophthalmitis with the use of intravitreal antibiotics (RR 0.12, 95% CI 0.10–0.92). We observed that visual acuity did not improve with intracameral or intrabitreal antibiotics in 2 trials [18],[19] while the third trial [20] did not study visual acuity.

Overall completeness and applicability of evidence

Although the total number of trials is small, the overall conclusion is that the addition of intravitreal or intracameral antibiotics was beneficial in reducing the risk of endophthalmitis in open globe injuries although inconclusive outcome of improved visual acuity. Endophthalmitis occurs in 3%–10% of cases after penetrating trauma to the eye, although early surgical repair and prophylactic systemic antibiotics may reduce this incidence to <1%.[24] The role of intravitreal antibiotics in posterior segment trauma in the absence of infection is still debated.[25] In these high-risk cases (history of soil contamination, retinal periphlebitis, and exudation around a retained IOFB), it is important to achieve high drug concentration in the vitreous, which only intravitreal injections can provide.[26]

Quality of evidence

The trial evidence is generally of good quality, with a low risk of bias. Two of the three reported the use of blinding procedures.[19],[20] One trial [18] did not provide the details of blinding. All three trials reported complete outcome and hence; had low risk of attrition bias. All three also reported all outcomes and therefore had low risk of reporting bias.

All three trials reported using randomization technique though only two [18],[20] provided the details and hence are a low risk of bias. Method of allocation concealment was not mentioned in any of the trials.

Potential biases in the review process

Although intracameral/intravitreal antibiotics were useful in reducing the incidences of endophthalmitis, there were limitations in noted in the trials. Narang et al.[18] excluded patients with intraocular foreign bodies and those in whom a foreign body was removed beyond 1 week of open globe injury-since these are established factors for endophthalmitis. Soheilian et al.[19] 2001 and Soheilian et al.[20] 2007 did not exclude patients with IOFB and did not take into consideration the time of removal of the IOFB. Due to the limited number of trials, we could not analyse the use of intravitreal antibiotics alone in preventing endophthalmitis.

Agreements and disagreements with other studies or reviews

We are unaware of similar reviews covering this topic.


  Authors' Conclusions Top


Implications for practice

There is evidence that the use of intracameral/intravitreal antibiotics reduces the risk of endophthalmitis in open globe injuries although there was no improvement in the visual acuity. We, therefore, recommend the use of intravitreal/intracameral injections in open globe injuries to prevent this devastating complication.

Implications for research

Initial results favor the use of intracameral/intravitreal antibiotics in preventing the occurrence of endophthalmitis in penetrating eye injuries. However, further multicenter randomized control trials need to be done to investigate whether the previous findings were consistent and sustained.

Recommended guidelines

Based on our meta-analysis, until more evidence can be deduced from future multicenter randomized trials, we recommend the use of intracameral/intravitreal antibiotics to reduce the risk of endophthalmitis following open globe injuries.

Acknowledgment

We would like to thank the Director General of Health for granting permission to publish the study.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

 
  References Top

1.
Ariyasu RG, Kumar S, LaBree LD, Wagner DG, Smith RE. Microorganisms cultured from the anterior chamber of ruptured globes at the time of repair. Am J Ophthalmol 1995;119:181-8.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Mieler WF, Ellis MK, Williams DF, Han DP. Retained intraocular foreign bodies and endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology 1990;97:1532-8.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Sharma YR, Gaur N, Chandra P, Takkar B. Predictors of visual outcomes and microbial profile in endophthalmitis. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2016;47:991-8.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Essex RW, Yi Q, Charles PG, Allen PJ. Post-traumatic endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology 2004;111:2015-22.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Thompson JT, Parver LM, Enger CL, Mieler WF, Liggett PE. Infectious endophthalmitis after penetrating injuries with retained intraocular foreign bodies. National eye trauma system. Ophthalmology 1993;100:1468-74.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Reynolds DS, Flynn HW Jr. Endophthalmitis after penetrating ocular trauma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 1997;8:32-8.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Mittra RA, Mieler WF. Controversies in the management of open-globe injuries involving the posterior segment. Surv Ophthalmol 1999;44:215-25.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
Verma A, Muralidharan V, Nigam E. Endophthalmitis: Current trends, drugs and protocols. Sci J Med Vis Res Foun 2015;33:61-70.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Mehta S, Armstrong BK, Kim SJ, Toma H, West JN, Yin H, et al. Long-term potency, sterility, and stability of vancomycin, ceftazidime, and moxifloxacin for treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis. Retina 2011;31:1316-22.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Urtti A, Salminen L. Minimizing systemic absorption of topically administered ophthalmic drugs. Surv Ophthalmol 1993;37:435-56.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Urtti A, Pipkin JD, Rork GS, Sendo T, Finne U, Repta AJ. Controlled drug delivery devices for experimental ocular studies with timolol. 2. Ocular and systemic absorption in rabbits. Int J Pharm 1990;61:241-9.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.
Hornof M, Toropainen E, Urtti A. Cell culture models of the ocular barriers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2005;60:207-25.  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.
Maurice DM, Mishima S. Ocular pharmacokinetics. In: Sears ML, editor. Pharmacology of Theeye. New York: Springer, Heidelberg; 1984.  Back to cited text no. 13
    
14.
López-Cabezas C, Muner DS, Massa MR, Mensa Pueyo JM. Antibiotics in endophthalmitis: Microbiological and pharmacokinetic considerations. Curr Clin Pharmacol 2010;5:47-54.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.
Lou B, Lin L, Tan J, Yang Y, Yuan Z, Lin X, et al. Survey of intraocular antibiotics prophylaxis practice after open globe injury in China. PLoS One 2016;11:e0156856.  Back to cited text no. 15
    
16.
Parke DW 3rd, Pathengay A, Flynn HW Jr., Albini T, Schwartz SG. Risk factors for endophthalmitis and retinal detachment with retained intraocular foreign bodies. J Ophthalmol 2012;2012:758526.  Back to cited text no. 16
    
17.
Viestenz A, Schrader W, Behrens-Baumann W. Traumatic endophthalmitis prevention trial (TEPT). Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2008;225:941-6.  Back to cited text no. 17
    
18.
Narang S, Gupta V, Gupta A, Dogra MR, Pandav SS, Das S, et al. Role of prophylactic intravitreal antibiotics in open globe injuries. Indian J Ophthalmol 2003;51:39-44.  Back to cited text no. 18
[PUBMED]  [Full text]  
19.
Soheilian M, Rafati N, Peyman GA. Prophylaxis of acute posttraumatic bacterial endophthalmitis with or without combined intraocular antibiotics: A prospective, double-masked randomized pilot study. Int Ophthalmol 2001;24:323-30.  Back to cited text no. 19
    
20.
Soheilian M, Rafati N, Mohebbi MR, Yazdani S, Habibabadi HF, Feghhi M, et al. Prophylaxis of acute posttraumatic bacterial endophthalmitis: A multicenter, randomized clinical trial of intraocular antibiotic injection, report 2. Arch Ophthalmol 2007;125:460-5.  Back to cited text no. 20
    
21.
Wang Z, Dong N, Kang Y, et al. Clinical study of pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil endotamponade in posttraumatic endophthalmitis on eyes without retinal detachment. Yan Ke Xue Bao Eye Sci Yan Ke Xue bao Bian Ji Bu 2007;23:48-52.  Back to cited text no. 21
    
22.
Siqueira RC, Gil AD, Canamary F, Minari M, Jorge R. Pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade for acute endophthalmitis treatment. Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia 2009;72:28-32.  Back to cited text no. 22
    
23.
Tabatabaei SA, Soleimani M, Behrooz MJ, Sheibani K. Systemic oral antibiotics as a prophylactic measure to prevent endophthalmitis in patients with open globe injuries in comparison with intravenous antibiotics. Retina 2016;36:360-5.  Back to cited text no. 23
    
24.
Andreoli CM, Andreoli MT, Kloek CE, Ahuero AE, Vavvas D, Durand ML. Low rate of endophthalmitis in a large series of open globe injuries. Am J Ophthalmol 2009;147:601-8.  Back to cited text no. 24
    
25.
Agrawal R, Shah M, Mireskandari K, Yong GK. Controversies in ocular trauma classification and management: Review. Int Ophthalmol 2013;33:435-45.   Back to cited text no. 25
    
26.
Cebulla CM, Flynn HW Jr. Endophthalmitis after open globe injuries. Am J Ophthalmol 2009;147:567-8.  Back to cited text no. 26
    


    Figures

  [Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3]
 
 
    Tables

  [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5], [Table 6], [Table 7], [Table 8]


This article has been cited by
1 The use of pre-operative prophylactic systemic antibiotics for the prevention of endophthalmitis in open globe injuries: a meta-analysis.
Tim J. Patterson, David McKinney, Jonathan Ritson, Chris McLean, Weidong Gu, Marcus Colyer, Scott F. McClellan, Sarah C. Miller, Grant A. Justin, Annette K. Hoskin, Kara Cavuoto, James Leong, Andrés Rousselot Ascarza, Fasika A. Woreta, Kyle E. Miller, Matthew C. Caldwell, William G. Gensheimer, Tom Williamson, Felipe Dhawahir-Scala, Peter Shah, Andrew Coombes, Gangadhara Sundar, Robert A. Mazzoli, Malcolm Woodcock, Ferenc Kuhn, Stephanie L. Watson, Renata S.M. Gomes, Rupesh Agrawal, Richard J. Blanch
Ophthalmology Retina. 2023;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
2 Intracameral Drug Delivery: A Review of Agents, Indications, and Outcomes
Megha Gautam, Rituka Gupta, Priti Singh, Vidhya Verma, Sunil Verma, Parul Mittal, Samendra Karkhur, Ananyan Sampath, Rajiv R. Mohan, Bhavana Sharma
Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2023;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
3 Therapeutic potential of Bacillus phage lysin PlyB in ocular infections
Md Huzzatul Mursalin, Roger Astley, Phillip S. Coburn, Eddy Bagaruka, Jonathan J. Hunt, Vincent A. Fischetti, Michelle C. Callegan, Paul M. Dunman
mSphere. 2023;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
4 Exogenous Endophthalmitis
Claudia Fabiani, Manisha Agarwal, Mohit Dogra, Gian Marco Tosi, Janet L. Davis
Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 2022; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
5 LAWN TRIMMER–RELATED OPEN-GLOBE INJURIES IN TAIWAN
Jia-Rong Zhang, Tsung-Cheng Hsieh, Fang-Ling Chang, Ming-Shan He
Retina. 2022; 42(5): 973
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
6 INCIDENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF POSTOPERATIVE ENDOPHTHALMITIS AFTER PRIMARY SURGICAL REPAIR COMBINED WITH INTRAOCULAR FOREIGN BODY REMOVAL
WENTING Zhu, Jingyi Tian, Xiuhai Lu, Xiang Gao, Jianmin Wei, Gongqiang Yuan, Jingjing Zhang
Retina. 2022; 42(6): 1144
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
7 Global Current Practice Patterns for the Management of Open Globe Injuries
Sarah C. Miller, Michael J. Fliotsos, Grant A. Justin, Yoshihiro Yonekawa, Ariel Chen, Annette K. Hoskin, Richard J. Blanch, Kara Cavuoto, Prajna Meeralakshmi, Rebecca Low, Matthew Gardiner, Tin Yan Alvin Liu, Rupesh Agrawal, Fasika A. Woreta
American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2022; 234: 259
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
8 Outcomes and Prognostic Factors of Posttraumatic Endophthalmitis: A Three-Year Retrospective Study
Jian Ma, Yinhui Yu, Yueyang Zhong, Xing Mao, Xiaoyun Fang, In s Contreras
Journal of Ophthalmology. 2021; 2021: 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
9 PEDIATRIC POSTTRAUMATIC ENDOPHTHALMITIS IN TAJIKISTAN
KH.J. KARIM-ZADE
AVICENNA BULLETIN. 2021; 23(2): 184
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
10 Intracameral injection of triamcinolone acetonide to treat macular edema in pseudophakia
Jin Young Hwang, Youngsub Eom, Hyo Myung Kim, Jong Suk Song
Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery Online Case Reports. 2020; 8(2): e00009
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
11 Utility of wound cultures in the management of open globe injuries: a 5-year retrospective review
Ryan T. Drumright, Kathleen A. Regan, Albert L. Lin, Meghan G. Moroux, Siva S. R. Iyer
Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection. 2020; 10(1)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
12 Damage to the eye and optic nerve in seriously traumatized patients with concomitant head injury: analysis of 84,627 cases from the TraumaRegister DGU® between 2002 and 2015
Torge Huckhagel, Jan Regelsberger, Manfred Westphal, Jakob Nüchtern, Rolf Lefering
Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. 2020; 28(1)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
13 The cereus matter of Bacillus endophthalmitis
Md Huzzatul Mursalin, Erin T. Livingston, Michelle C. Callegan
Experimental Eye Research. 2020; 193: 107959
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
14 Does Endogenous Endophthalmitis Need a More Aggressive Treatment?
Sara Spelta, Antonio Di Zazzo, Marco Antonini, Stefano Bonini, Marco Coassin
Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 2020; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]



 

Top
 
 
  Search
 
    Similar in PUBMED
   Search Pubmed for
   Search in Google Scholar for
 Related articles
    Access Statistics
    Email Alert *
    Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)  

 
  In this article
Abstract
Materials and Me...
Data Collection ...
Results
Discussion
Authors' Con...
Materials and Me...
Data Collection ...
Results
Discussion
Authors' Con...
References
Article Figures
Article Tables

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed3545    
    Printed62    
    Emailed0    
    PDF Downloaded625    
    Comments [Add]    
    Cited by others 14    

Recommend this journal