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GUEST EDITORIAL |
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Year : 2017 | Volume
: 65
| Issue : 9 | Page : 782-784 |
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Retinopathy of Prematurity: An emerging and evolving challenge
Mangat Ram Dogra, Deeksha Katoch
Advanced Eye Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
Date of Web Publication | 14-Sep-2017 |
Correspondence Address: Mangat Ram Dogra Advanced Eye Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh India
Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_783_17
How to cite this article: Dogra MR, Katoch D. Retinopathy of Prematurity: An emerging and evolving challenge. Indian J Ophthalmol 2017;65:782-4 |
The World Health Organization has identified retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) as an emerging cause of childhood blindness in developing and middle-income countries. It is becoming a major public health problem in developing countries such as India and China. ROP blindness in India is increasing due to the highest number of preterm births in the world (3,519,100),[1] suboptimal neonatal care, lack of awareness, screening and treatment programs not in place, and increasing numbers of Neonatal Intensive Care Units and Special New Born Care Units opening all over the country. On the top of it, heavier and more mature preterm infants are developing severe ROP due to variable quality of neonatal services.[2],[3] Due to this, all infants weighing ≤2000 g or ≤34 weeks of gestation need to be screened according to the most recent Indian screening guidelines.
A large number of babies are still presenting late with bilateral, irreversible blindness due to absent or delayed screening. In one study,[4] 86.4% of infants presenting with Stage 5 ROP were never screened. About 74% of infants were picked up by the parents when they noticed that the child was not seeing; an ophthalmologist referred only 25.8% and pediatricians referred none. Awareness about ROP needs to be generated among neonatologists, pediatricians, gynaecologists as well as parents. Telescreening by a non ophthalmologist[5] may offer a viable solution for timely detection of treatable ROP, especially in areas where a trained ophthalmologist is not available. Peripheral retinal ablation with laser is still a gold standard for the treatment of ROP. However, aggressive posterior ROP and ROP in Zone 1 are less responsive to laser and the disease may progress despite a confluent laser[6] [Figure 1]a and [Figure 1]b. Pediatric retinal surgery is required for progression to Stage 4 or 5. Lens-sparing vitrectomy (LSV) is the most exciting recent innovation used for most cases of Stage 4 ROP with a good outcome [Figure 1]c and [Figure 1]d. Nearly 74% of anatomic and 63% of successful visual outcomes have been reported in Indian population with LSV for Stage 4 ROP.[7] | Figure 1: A 1260 g birth weight baby born at 28 weeks of gestation presented with threshold retinopathy of prematurity in zone 1 with severe plus disease in both the eyes. (a) The right eye at presentation. (b) Progression to Stage 4B tractional retinal detachment within 2 weeks despite confluent laser. The baby underwent a 25-gauge lens-sparing vitrectomy. (c) Resolution of the retinal detachment 1 week postoperatively and, (d) a favorable outcome 1 month following the surgery
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This issue of the journal carries three articles regarding important aspects of ROP management beyond laser photocoagulation. Gadkari and Deshpande[8] in their study provide an interesting pictorial representation of the differences in the configuration of the vitreoretinal tractional forces in eyes with Stage 4 ROP, which have undergone prior laser- versus treatment-naïve cases. The study defines three types of tractional forces – central, peripheral, and lenticular. In the laser-treated eyes, central traction starting posterior to the equator close to the vascular arcades occurred more commonly (76.2% vs. 23.8%, respectively; P < 0.0001) while peripheral traction extending from a peripheral ridge to ora serrata was more common in the untreated eyes (88.2% vs. 11.76%, respectively; P < 0.0001). Notably, the treatment-naive cases required an extensive surgery in the form of lensectomy and vitrectomy while the laser-treated eyes were amenable to the more conservative and visually rehabilitating LSV. Laser treatment may also help to reduce the vascularity and thus chances of intraoperative bleeding during surgery.
Myopia is the most common refractive error associated with ROP. Prematurity in itself is a risk factor for the development of myopia. In addition, disease severity and structural residua contribute to the development of myopia in ROP.[9] Myopia in ROP is believed to be primarily lenticular. The study by Kaur et al.[10] in this issue supports the lenticular nature of myopia with biometric comparisons. Agarkar et al.[11] compared myopia in laser-treated eyes with those which underwent LSV for Stage 4 ROP. The study reports that laser-treated eyes had lesser myopia than LSV group till year 1 and after that both the groups had no significant difference. It would have been worthwhile if the biometric parameters and their change over time had also been studied. Nevertheless, there are other reports on the comparison between laser- and LSV-induced myopia. These reports suggest lower myopia in LSV group compared to laser group and include biometric components. The hypothesis suggested is that, although LSV does not significantly alter the axial length, it significantly deepens the anterior chamber to values similar to those seen in full-term myopic infants. Holz[12] had reported that the lens position was significantly more posterior in LSV-treated eyes. A crystalline lens that is moved farther toward the retina will have less effective power and therefore reduced myopia.
There are many facets in the management of ROP which are as yet evolving and therefore protocols may also see a major change in the coming times. There are also discrepancies in anatomic and functional outcomes after ROP surgery. The ultimate goal is to prevent the progression of treatable ROP to Stage 4 or 5. This requires concerted efforts for early detection and timely treatment which include LSV in selected cases. Amblyopia, anisometropia, strabismus, and nystagmus are other areas of major concern in these infants which need long-term management strategies. In the future, small-gauge LSV will be performed early before going into Stage 4B and Stage 5. The next decade is likely to be an era of combination therapy for achieving better outcome.
References | | |
1. | Blencowe H, Cousens S, Oestergaard MZ, Chou D, Moller AB, Narwal R, et al. National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected countries: A systematic analysis and implications. Lancet 2012;379:2162-72. [ PUBMED] |
2. | Vinekar A, Dogra MR, Sangtam T, Narang A, Gupta A. Retinopathy of prematurity in Asian Indian babies weighing greater than 1250 grams at birth: Ten year data from a tertiary care center in a developing country. Indian J Ophthalmol 2007;55:331-6. [ PUBMED] [Full text] |
3. | Shah PK, Narendran V, Kalpana N. Aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity in large preterm babies in South India. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2012;97:F371-5. [ PUBMED] |
4. | Sanghi G, Dogra MR, Katoch D, Gupta A. Demographic profile of infants with stage 5 retinopathy of prematurity in North India: Implications for screening. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2011;18:72-4. [ PUBMED] |
5. | Vinekar A, Gilbert C, Dogra M, Kurian M, Shainesh G, Shetty B, et al. The KIDROP model of combining strategies for providing retinopathy of prematurity screening in underserved areas in India using wide-field imaging, tele-medicine, non-physician graders and smart phone reporting. Indian J Ophthalmol 2014;62:41-9. [ PUBMED] [Full text] |
6. | Sanghi G, Dogra MR, Katoch D, Gupta A. Aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity: Risk factors for retinal detachment despite confluent laser photocoagulation. Am J Ophthalmol 2013;155:159-64. [ PUBMED] |
7. | Bhende P, Gopal L, Sharma T, Verma A, Biswas RK. Functional and anatomical outcomes after primary lens-sparing pars plana vitrectomy for stage 4 retinopathy of prematurity. Indian J Ophthalmol 2009;57:267-71. [ PUBMED] [Full text] |
8. | Gadkari SS, Deshpande M. Variation in the vitreoretinal configuration of Stage 4 retinopathy of prematurity in photocoagulated and treatment naive eyes undergoing vitrectomy. Indian J Ophthalmol 2017;65:846-52. [Full text] |
9. | Quinn GE, Dobson V, Kivlin J, Kaufman LM, Repka MX, Reynolds JD, et al. Prevalence of myopia between 3 months and 5 1/2 years in preterm infants with and without retinopathy of prematurity. Cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity cooperative group. Ophthalmology 1998;105:1292-300. [ PUBMED] |
10. | Kaur S, Sukhija J, Katoch D, Sharma M, Samanta R, Dogra MR. Refractive and ocular biometric profile of children with a history of laser treatment for retinopathy of prematurity. Indian J Ophthalmol 2017;65:835-40. [Full text] |
11. | Agarkar S, Desai R, Singh S, Jaishankar D, Bhende P, Raman R. Influence of laser versus lens-sparing vitrectomy on myopia in children with retinopathy of prematurity. Indian J Ophthalmol 2017;65:841-5. [Full text] |
12. | Holz ER. Refractive outcomes of three-port lens-sparing vitrectomy for retinopathy of prematurity (An AOS thesis). Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 2009;107:300-10. [ PUBMED] |
Authors | | |
Prof. Mangat Ram Dogra is Professor and Head of the Department of Ophthalmology at Advanced Eye Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
He did 2-year vitreo-retina fellowship from 1989 to 1991 at University of Maryland Hospital, Baltimore, USA. His exclusive area of patient care, teaching, and research has been vitreo-retinal diseases and surgery including retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) for the last 28 years.
Prof. Mangat Ram Dogra has published 162 papers in peer-reviewed journals and four books.
He is an internationally recognized expert on ROP and is considered a pioneer in this field in India. He is recipient of several named awards and orations for his exemplary contributions in the field of ROP.
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