• Users Online: 33436
  • Home
  • Print this page
  • Email this page

   Table of Contents      
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 2019  |  Volume : 67  |  Issue : 12  |  Page : 1993-1995

Idiopathic inflammatory diseases of orbit and ocular adnexa: Histopathological and immunochemical analysis


1 Ocular Pathology, Uveitis and Neuro-Ophthalmology Services; Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya, Guwahati, Assam, India
2 Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya; Ocular Pathology Service, Guwahati, Assam, India
3 Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya, Guwahati, Assam, India

Date of Submission24-Dec-2018
Date of Acceptance01-May-2019
Date of Web Publication22-Nov-2019

Correspondence Address:
Dr. Dipankar Das
Department of Ocular Pathology, Uveitis and Neuro-Ophthalmology Services, Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya, Beltola, Guwahati - 781 028, Assam
India
Login to access the Email id

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_2120_18

Rights and Permissions
  Abstract 


Purpose: To present histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of idiopathic inflammatory diseases of orbit and ocular adnexa. Methods: Design- A retrospective laboratory-based study. The study was carried out in an ocular pathology laboratory in a tertiary institute of northeast India where analysis of 93 cases was done in 5 years, during the period from 2011 to 2016. Hematoxylin--eosin and special stains were done for the diagnoses. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) panel was also carried out. For infectious pathology, Grocott's methenamine silver (GMS) stain for fungus, tissue Gram's stain for bacteria's, and acid-fast stains for tubercular bacilli were done. IHC panels were done for CD 20 (B-cells), CD-3 (T-cells), CD-45 (Leukocyte common antigen, LCA), BCL-2, CD-138 (Plasma cells), Kappa, Lambda, IgG-4 in tissue, IgG-4 in serum, etc. IHCs were done using kit methods (standardized) and adequate controls were taken for each sample. Results: 93 cases of nonspecific orbital inflammation were reported out of 1,467 specimens. Orbital pseudotumors (idiopathic orbital inflammatory disease, IOID) were seen in 27 cases (sclerosing variety-6); benign lymphoid hyperplasia in two cases; reactive lymphoid hyperplasia in 10 cases; atypical plasma lymphoproliferative reactive (polyclonal immunophenotypically, IgG4 negative) lesions in four cases; IgG-4 related disease in one case; nonspecific inflammatory reactions (conjunctiva, sclera, and lid) in 49 cases. In all the diagnoses, infections and lymphomas were excluded. Conclusion: Biopsy supported study on nonspecific orbital inflammation was important to know the pattern.

Keywords: Histopathology, immunohistochemistry, inflammation, orbit


How to cite this article:
Das D, Deka P, Bhattacharjee K, Das JK, Kuri GC, Bhattaacharjee H, Deori N, Deshmukh S, Paidi R, Deka A. Idiopathic inflammatory diseases of orbit and ocular adnexa: Histopathological and immunochemical analysis. Indian J Ophthalmol 2019;67:1993-5

How to cite this URL:
Das D, Deka P, Bhattacharjee K, Das JK, Kuri GC, Bhattaacharjee H, Deori N, Deshmukh S, Paidi R, Deka A. Idiopathic inflammatory diseases of orbit and ocular adnexa: Histopathological and immunochemical analysis. Indian J Ophthalmol [serial online] 2019 [cited 2024 Mar 19];67:1993-5. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/ijo/pages/default.aspx/text.asp?2019/67/12/1993/271380



Non-specific orbital inflammation affects orbital tissue including fat, lacrimal glands, extraocular muscles, etc., focally or diffusely.[1],[2],[3],[4] Affection of Tenon's capsule is the least frequent location.[2],[3],[4] Incidence and prevalence findings of nonspecific inflammatory disease of orbit based on scientific literature was difficult as it depended on inclusion or not of specific and nonspecific inflammatory pathologies.[3],[4],[5],[6],[7],[8]

Orbital inflammatory disease can clinically present as acute, subacute, and chronic stage based on onset and extent of the lesion.[2],[3],[4],[5] Patients usually present with periocular pain, orbital edema, conjunctival congestion, ptosis, and proptosis. Histopathology is the cornerstone of the diagnosis depending on various stages of inflammation.[2],[3],[4],[6],[7] We present 5 years study of histopathological and immunohistochemistry (IHC) profile of the adnexal and orbital inflammatory disease.


  Methods Top


This retrospective laboratory-based was carried out in an ocular pathology laboratory in a tertiary institute of northeast India where analysis of 93 cases was done in 5 years duration during the period from 2011 to 2016. Routine hematoxylin--eosin and other special stains were done for the diagnoses. IHC panel was also carried out. For infectious pathology, Grocott's methenamine silver (GMS) stain for fungus, tissue Gram's stain for bacteria's, and acid-fast stains for Tubercular bacilli were done. IHC panels were done for CD 20 (B-cells), CD-3 (T-cells), CD-45 (Leukocyte common antigen, LCA), BCL-2, CD-138 (Plasma cells), Kappa, Lambda, IgG4 in tissue, IgG-4 in serum, etc. IHCs were done using kit methods (standardized) and adequate controls were taken for each sample.


  Results Top


93 cases (6.64%) of nonspecific orbital inflammation were found out of 1,467 specimens [Figure 1]. Orbital pseudotumors (IOID) were seen in 27 cases (sclerosing variety-6); benign lymphoid hyperplasia in two cases; reactive lymphoid hyperplasia in 10 cases; atypical plasma lymphoproliferative reactive (polyclonal immunophenotypically, IgG4 negative) lesions in four cases; IgG4-related disease in one case; nonspecific inflammatory reactions (conjunctiva, sclera, and lid) in 49 cases [Figure 2]. In all the diagnoses, infections and lymphomas were excluded. Controls were taken for special stains and IHCs. All positive controls showed appropriate positive immunostaining. Negative control slide did not show immunostaining.
Figure 1: Graph showing nonspecific orbital inflammatory cases in respect to total cases received in the ocular pathology laboratory during 2011-2016

Click here to view
Figure 2: Graph showing distribution of inflammatory disorders of orbit and adnexa

Click here to view



  Discussion Top


Pathology of typical nonspecific orbital inflammation was characterized by inflammation cellular infiltrate, vascular congested tissues, altered lacrimal gland tissue, and disturbances in other orbital structures.[1],[2],[3],[4] Grossly, the lesions displayed greyish white colored tissues and microscopically, it revealed inflammation in the orbital structures and cellular infiltrates that were focal, multifocal, or diffuse.[3],[4] Cellular infiltrations were of differentiated mature lymphocytes, intermixed with plasma cells, eosinophils, polymorphs, and rarely with histiocytes and macrophages.[1],[2],[3],[4],[5] The infiltrates were polyclonal and lymphoid follicles could be seen with germinal centers occasionally. The lesions were highly vascular due to capillary proliferations and were accompanied with perivascular and lymphoplasmacytic infiltrations and eosinophils were sometimes seen tracing near capillary adventitia.[1],[2] Endothelial cells showed hyperplasia and sometimes there were reactive increase in the number of cells. In some long-standing cases, sclerosing patterns were noticed and periductal fibrosis in lacrimal tissue with atrophied acini was seen.[1],[2],[3],[4],[5]

We had seen 93 cases (6.64%) of nonspecific inflammation out of 1,467 specimens. IOID were seen in 27 cases (sclerosing variety-6 cases), benign lymphoid hyperplasia in two cases, reactive lymphoid hyperplasia in 10 cases, polyclonal atypical plasma lymphoproliferative reactive which were negative for IgG4 were seen in in four cases, IgG4-related disease in one case, nonspecific inflammatory reactions (conjunctiva, sclera, and lid) in 49 cases. In all the diagnoses, infections, rheumatoid arthritis, granulomatous polyangiitis, thyroid orbitopathy, and lymphoma were excluded from the cohort. A representative case of a young lady presented with ocular pain, conjunctival injection, and mild proptosis [Figure 3]a and imaging consisting with nonspecific orbital inflammation which was biopsy proven. Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast showed improvement of her findings following steroid treatment [Figure 3]b and [Figure 3]c.
Figure 3: (a) Clinical photograph showing proptosis with conjunctival injection in the right eye. (b) Axial Gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MRI showing moderate to a marked diffuse enhancement in the right orbit. (c) Axial Gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MRI at 3 months showing reduced enhancement in the right orbit after a course of oral steroids

Click here to view


In IHC, both T cells and B cells marker were positive. Orbital inflammatory tissue showed strong expression of CD20 in around 35% of lymphocytes and CD3 were expressed around 25--30% in our series. CD45 (LCA) was expressed 20--25% in our cases. However, we did not see dendritic cell expression in our cases. BCL2 and Ki-67 were moderately expressed in the lymphoproliferative variety of lesions. In one isolated case, we had seen IgG-4-related disease in the orbital tissue where the storiform pattern was particularly noticed with obliterative vasculitis. IHC for IgG-4 in the tissue was positive in more than 50% and the serum IgG4 elevation confirming the condition [Figure 4].
Figure 4: An index case of IgG-related orbital inflammation (Histopathology and IHCs)

Click here to view


Moreiras and Prada et al. studied 189 cases of noninfectious inflammatory disorders (specific and nonspecific) and found an incidence of 12.8% among orbital lesions excluding thyroid orbitopathy.[1],[7] Pseudotumors or nonspecific inflammations were frequently diffuse variety in 30 cases, anterior in 20 cases, dacryo-adenitis in 26 cases, and myositis in 24 cases.[1],[4],[6],[7],[9] Our study showed 6.64% cases which were almost half the above-mentioned study.[7]

The clinical course of inflammatory diseases of orbit and adnexa may be determined by how often the patients encounter the primary antigen in B cell and T cell lineage.[8],[9] There could be single and intermittent exposure to activate the immunological cells. If self-antigen is involved in the course of the disease then chronic autoimmune process sets in.[7],[8],[9]


  Conclusion Top


Biopsy study of nonspecific orbital inflammation was important to know the pattern. Further, larger multicenter studies will give better insight into the clinicopathological aspect with additional gene profiling evidence that could give a guideline to classify them better.

Acknowledgements

-Sri Kanchi Sankara Health and Educational Foundation

-Indian Council of Medical Research

-SRL Ranbaxy, Mumbai.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.



 
  References Top

1.
Blodi FC. Orbital inflammation. Orbit 1982;44:1-19.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Garner A. Pathology of pseudotumour of the orbit: A review. J Clin Pathol 1973;26:639-48.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Chavis RM, Garner A, Wright JE. Inflammatory orbital pseudotumour. A clinicopathologic study. Arch Ophthalmol 1978;96:1817-22.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Hara Y, Ohnishi Y. Orbital inflammatory pseudotumour: Clinicopathologic study of 22 cases. Jpn J Ophthalmol 1983;27:80-9.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Uy HS, Nguyen QD, Arbour J, Gravel M, D'Amico DJ, Jakobiec FA, et al. Sclerosing inflammatory pseudotumor of the eye. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:603-7.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Kennerdell JS, Dresner SC. Non-specific orbital inflammatory syndromes. Surv Ophthalmol 1984;29:93-103.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Moreiras JV, Prada MC. ORBIT: Examination Diagnosis Microsurgery Pathology. Volume 1. New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers; 2004.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
Plaza JA, Garrity JA, Dogan A, Ananthamurthy A, Witzig TE, Salomao DR. Orbital inflammation with IgG4- positive plasma cells: Manifestations of IgG4 systemic disease. Arch Ophthalmol 2011;129:421-8.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Sato Y, Ohshima K, Ichimura K, Sato M, Yamdori I, Tanaka T, et al. Ocular adnexal IgG4-related disease has uniform clinicopathology. Pathol Int 2008;58:465-70.  Back to cited text no. 9
    


    Figures

  [Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4]


This article has been cited by
1 The Biology of Ocular Adnexal Marginal Zone Lymphomas
Patricia Johansson, Anja Eckstein, Ralf Küppers
Cancers. 2022; 14(5): 1264
[Pubmed] | [DOI]



 

Top
 
 
  Search
 
    Similar in PUBMED
   Search Pubmed for
   Search in Google Scholar for
 Related articles
    Access Statistics
    Email Alert *
    Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)  

 
  In this article
Abstract
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Article Figures

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed3621    
    Printed32    
    Emailed0    
    PDF Downloaded329    
    Comments [Add]    
    Cited by others 1    

Recommend this journal