Eales' disease (ED) is an idiopathic retinal periphlebitis characterized by capillary non-perfusion and neovascularization. In addition to the existing system, a new staging system has been proposed by Saxena et al . Immunological, molecular biological and biochemical studies have indicated the role of human leucocyte antigen, retinal S antigen autoimmunity, Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome, free radical damage and possibly hyperhomocysteinemia in its etiopathogenesis, which appears multifactorial. Oxidant stress has been shown by increase in the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (lipid oxidation) in the vitreous, erythrocytes, platelets, and monocytes. A decrease in vitamins E and C both in active and healed vasculitis, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase showed a weakened antioxidant defence. Epiretinal membrane from patients of ED who underwent surgery showed, by immunolocalization, presence of carboxy methyl lysine, an advanced glycation end product formed by glycoxidation and is involved in angiogenesis. OH• free radical accumulation in monocytes has been directly shown by electron spin resonance spectrometry. Free radical damage to DNA and of protein was shown by the accumulation of 8 hydroxy 2 deoxyguanosine (in leucocytes) and nitrotyrosine (in monocytes), respectively. Nitrosative stress was shown by increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in monocytes in which levels of iron and copper were increased while those of zinc decreased. A novel 88 kDa protein was found in serum and vitreous in inflammatory condition and had antioxidant function. Platelet fluidity was also affected. Oral, methotrexate in low dosage (12.5 mg/week for 12 weeks) as well as oral vitamin E (400 IU) and C (500 mg) daily for 8 weeks are reported to have beneficial effects.

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Purpose: To describe the clinical characteristics of spontaneous, late-onset comitant acute, nonaccommodative esotropia (ANAET) in children. Materials and Methods: Clinical characteristics of a cohort of patients under 16 years of age with ANAET were studied retrospectively. Results: Of 15 patients eight were females. Mean age was 7.15 years (range 2.5-13, SD 3.34). Mean age of the onset of deviation was 3.2 years (range 1.5-9, SD 2.26). Mean duration of strabismus was 36 months (range 3-132, SD 43). History of a precipitating event was present in five patients (33.3%). Mean cycloplegic refraction was 1.84 diopter sphere (range -5.75 to +7.25, SD 3.55). Mean esodeviation for near and distance fixation was 40 prism diopter (range 15-90, SD 23.9). None had near/distance disparity of more than 5 prism diopter. Amblyopia was present in 13 cases (87%). Strabismus surgery was performed for eight patients. Five patients had orthophoria and three were aligned within 8 prisms esodeviation. Conclusion: ANAET is more common than previously reported, has a variable time of onset and high incidence of amblyopia. Timely management would avert emergence of amblyopia and vertical incomitance thereby promising better binocular outcome.

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Purpose: To assess the barriers for the acceptance of surgery among patients with cataract and visual disability. Materials and Methods: A short-term descriptive study was conducted in patients with cataract presenting to a hospital. Socio-demographic data were entered in a proforma. An interviewer-assisted questionnaire, surveying knowledge about cataract and barriers to cataract surgery, was administered by one of the authors (SKG) in the local language (Hindi). Results: There were 100 patients (53 men and 47 women); 14 were bilaterally blind (vision <10/200 in the better eye). Attitudinal barriers included: could manage daily work (71%), cataract not mature (68%), could see clearly with the other eye (64%), too busy (57%), female gender (37%), fear of surgery (34%), fear of surgery causing blindness (33%) or death (13%), old age (33%), it is God's will (29%) and worry about cost of surgery (27%). The barriers relating to service delivery, cost, and affordability included: insufficient family income (76%), not knowing another person who had undergone cataract surgery (26%), no one to accompany (20%), distance from hospital (20%) or from a main road (9%) and lack of transport (7%). Conclusions: Attitudinal barriers were reported more often, rather than issues of accessibility or cost. Eye care providers should address the identified barriers for increasing acceptance of surgery in the study area.

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Aim: To report clinical experience and the comparative value of axial and instantaneous topography data in fitting Rose-K design contact lenses in moderate and severe keratoconus. Materials and Methods: Thirty-eight eyes (of 23 patients) with keratoconus were fitted with Rose-K design contact lenses and followed up for at least six months or more. Visual acuity with habitual vision correction available was measured. Axial and instantaneous topography maps for each eye were recorded. Contact lens wear comfort was graded on a ten point rating scale every three months. Results: Fourteen (100%) moderate keratoconus eyes (average Sim K 48.61 ± 1.24D) and 23 of 24 (96%) of severe keratoconus eyes (average Sim K 60.88 ± 5.31D) were successfully fitted with the Rose-K lenses. Final fit contact lenses in severe keratoconus had statistically significant steeper base curves compared to average axial corneal curvature than in moderate keratoconus eyes. Average simulated corneal curvature on axial maps predicted final fit contact lens base curves significantly better than on instantaneous maps. Thirty-three of the 37 eyes fitted with contact lenses maintained wear comfort over average follow up period of 13 ± 3.5 months. Conclusions: Rose-K design rigid contact lenses are successful in visually rehabilitating 100% of moderate and 96% of severe keratoconus eyes. Most patients (90%) maintained contact lens wear comfort. Corneal curvature on axial maps is a better predictive of base curve of final fit contact lens.

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We report a case of surgically induced necrotizing scleritis following pterygium surgery with the bare sclera technique, without the use of adjunctive irradiation or mitomycin C. The patient was successfully treated with systemic immunosuppression.

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Background: Inadvertent globe perforation due to periocular injection is a serious iatrogenic complication. Aim: To study risk factors, management, and visual outcome of inadvertent globe perforation during periocular injection, in cases referred to a tertiary eye care center. Design and Setting: Retrospective study at a tertiary referral center with a single investigator. Materials and Methods: Nineteen consecutive cases with a clinical diagnosis of globe perforation were studied (1998-2004). Clinical setting, risk factors, clinical presentation, management, and visual outcome were analyzed. Results: Retrobulbar injections 6 (32%), peribulbar injections 10 (53%), and subconjunctival injections 3 (16%) were responsible for inadvertent globe perforation. Anesthetists accounted for 6 (32%) injections and 13 (69%) were referred from high volume community settings. Anesthetists identified the mishap on the table in 17% (1 out of 6) of cases and the ophthalmologists in 69% (9 out of 13) myopia was present in 10 (53%). Breaks were located inferotemporally in nine eyes. Four underwent laser and cryopexy, 14 (74%) underwent vitreous surgery. Visual acuity greater than 20/200 was achieved in 12 patients. Conclusion: Myopia was found to be a significant risk factor. Inferotemporal breaks were common. Anesthetists were more likely to miss this complication when it occurred. In this series, intervention salvaged vision in a significant number of eyes.

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Background: Eyelid malignancies are completely treatable if detected early. The treatment depends on the invasiveness of the cancer which in turn depends on the type of malignancy. Aim: The aim of the study was to characterize the distribution of the types of eyelid malignancies in central India. Settings and Design: The study was conducted in the Department of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery at a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: We report a series of 27 cases of eyelid malignancies. In the same case series, we also include a case of malignant hemangiopericytoma which is an extremely rare form of eyelid malignancy worldwide. Statistical Analysis: Depending on the underlying statistical distribution, either analysis of variance (ANOVA) or the Kruskal-Wallis (K-W) test was used to assess the differential distribution of these variables across the types of eyelid malignancies observed in this study. Results: We observed that sebaceous cell carcinoma (~37%) was almost as prevalent as basal cell carcinoma (~44%) in the study subjects and had an earlier age of occurrence and a more rapid clinical course. Conclusions: Sebaceous cell carcinoma of the eyelid is almost as common as basal cell carcinoma in a large tertiary care centre in central India.

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Purpose: To assess the presence or absence of a retinal cause of visual impairment using electroretinography (ERG) in children with no obvious discernable cause on ocular examination. Design: Prospective observational case series. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was carried out involving 120 children with the mean age 4.4±3.2 years with visual dysfunction. All children underwent ERG under general anesthesia using a special handheld mini-Ganzfeld (Kurbisfeld) dome. Results: Fifty-two (43.3%) children were male and 68 (56.7%) were female. The clinical diagnosis was as follows: Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA) (n=47), achromatopsia (n=25), congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) (n=9) and others (unclassifiable, n=39). The visual acuity ranged from perception of light (PL) to PL with projection in children with LCA. In the rest (n=73), some sort of visually guided behavior was discernable. Following ERG, a diagnostic reappraisal resulted as follows: LCA (n=49), achromatopsia (n=28), CSNB (n=4), cone-rod dystrophy (n=22), rod-cone degeneration (n=7), normal (n=8) and others (unclassifiable, n=2). Except for the two unclassifiable cases, ERG was successful in the diagnosis or exclusion of retinal dysfunction in the rest. By Pearson Chi-square test, there was a statistically significant association between the clinical and ERG diagnosis ( P <0.001). Conclusion: LCA was the commonest cause of visual dysfunction in our series. A statistically significant correlation between clinical and electrophysiological diagnosis was seen. ERG helped in firmly establishing the presence or absence of global retinal dysfunction in the majority (118/120) of pediatric patients with visual dysfunction.

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There is a high prevalence of ocular defects in children with developmental disabilities. This study evaluated visual disability in a group of 200 cerebral palsy (CP) patients and found that 68% of the children had significant visual morbidity. These findings emphasize the need for an early ocular examination in patients with CP.

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Duane's retraction syndrome (DRS) includes changes in palpebral fissure width along with restriction of ocular motility. Bardet Biedl syndrome (BBS) includes presence of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) with obesity, mental retardation, polydactyly and renal abnormalities. We report a case of rare association of DRS with BBS in a seven-year-old child. The ocular motility examination revealed left DRS with esotropia. Fundus examination revealed findings characteristic of an atypical retinitis pigmentosa. The electro-retinogram waveforms were extinguished both for rods and cones. He was diagnosed as a case of BBS on the basis of the ophthalmological findings plus association with the systemic features of obesity, polydactyly, hypogonadism, mental retardation and renal abnormalities. This case gives further evidence of the fact that BBS may be associated with abnormalities of eye movements.

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A 35-year-old female who had suffered from acute lead poisoning when she was 22 years old, presented 13 years later with loss of vision in the right eye and normal vision in the left eye. She had a pale disc, narrowed arterioles and mid-peripheral heavy pigmentation, right eye being more affected than the left eye. Electrodiagnostic tests identified marked asymmetry of visual function. We would postulate lead retinal toxicity as the cause of the asymmetric findings.

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A 15-year-old girl with retinitis pigmentosa, blepharophimosis, blue dot cataract and primary overaction of inferior oblique muscle in both the eyes is being reported. Computerized search using Medline did not reveal any such previously reported association.

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Cataract surgery with Stevens-Johnson syndrome (S-J) is associated with a high incidence of complications and can worsen the primary disease. We report a case of phacoemulsification of a total, white cataract barely visible through the vascularized, keratinized cornea in the only seeing eye of a patient with S-J syndrome. We describe the intra-operative difficulties encountered during phacoemulsification and the surgical tools and techniques employed to overcome the surgical difficulties. The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient regained useful, navigational vision.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the histological clearance and clinical recurrence rates following excision of primary periocular biopsy-proven basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) in a teaching hospital in United Kingdom and compare it with other published reports. Records of consecutive patients with a biopsy proven diagnosis of primary periocular BCCs treated surgically at our hospital between 1995 and March 2003 were reviewed. Twenty seven cases (25 patients) were identified. Intra-operative frozen sections (IFS) were performed in 17 (63%) of the cases with clear margins on IFS in 16/17 (94%) of these cases. Histology revealed complete excision in 25/27 (92.5%) of cases. The results of excision of periocular BCCs in our setting particularly with IFS are comparable with other published reports. A reaudit is recommended in 5 years to allow a larger patient population with greater follow up, which would enable us to give more definitive judgment on this treatment modality.

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Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is associated with a wide variety of ocular and systemic disorders. The Weill-Marchesani syndrome is a multi-system disorder with microspherophakia as one of the common manifestations. A 14-year-old girl presented with short stature, short and stubby fingers, hypodontia and low-set ears. Slit-lamp examination revealed microspherophakia, with shallow anterior chambers with irido and phacodonesis. Ultrasonographic biomicroscopy confirmed the clinical findings and revealed hypoplastic ciliary body. Electroretinogram confirmed the diagnosis of RP. Though RP has been associated with ectopia lentis in earlier reports, this is, to the best of our knowledge, the first case report describing the association of RP and Weill-Marchesani syndrome.

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Aim: To compare the efficacy and tolerability of Xalatan® with generic latanoprost (Latoprost) in subjects with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) or ocular hypertension (OH). Materials and Methods: This was a single-center, randomized, open label, crossover, two period comparative study. At the baseline visit, subjects were randomized to two groups. Group A received Xalatan® for weeks 1-12 followed by Latoprost for weeks 13-24. Group B received Latoprost for weeks 1-12 followed by Xalatan® for weeks 13-24. Results: 30 subjects were recruited, 12 in Group A and 18 in Group B. In subjects administered Xalatan®, intraocular pressure (IOP) showed a greater decrease ( P <0.001) from 23.64 ± 3.13 mmHg at baseline to 14.29 ± 1.61 mmHg at week 12 (fall of 9.35 ± 3.55 mmHg, 38.66% ± 10.29) than that seen in the Latoprost group (22.74 ± 2.47 mmHg to 16.98 ± 2.49 mmHg, fall of 5.76 ± 1.41 mmHg; 25.42% ± 5.98). In period 2 when subjects were crossed over to Xalatan® from Latoprost, there was a further fall from 16.98 ± 2.49 mmHg to 16.09 ± 1.49 at week 24 (fall of 0.89 ± 1.59 mmHg; 4.3% ± 8.76). However, when subjects were crossed over to Latoprost from Xalatan®, the IOP rose from 14.29 ± 1.61 mmHg to 15.36 ± 1.71 mmHg at week 24 (8.86% ± 17.76). There was no significant difference in incidence of conjunctival hyperemia or any other adverse events in both the groups. Conclusion: The magnitude of IOP lowering in patients with POAG and OH with Xalatan® and Latoprost is different. In our study, the IOP lowering with Xalatan® was higher than that with Latoprost.

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Xanthogranuloma is an uncommon tumor in the orbit and is usually associated with systemic diseases or blood abnormalities. We report an extremely rare presentation of isolated orbital xanthogranuloma unassociated with any systemic disease, hematological or biochemical abnormalities. A 47-year-old physician presented with proptosis of the left eye of three years duration with yellowish skin plaques. The CT scan revealed a well-defined heterogeneous mass in the medial orbit. There was no evidence of systemic, serum or biochemical abnormalities. The mass was removed by a medial orbitotomy. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis based on the presence of inflammatory infiltrates, histiocytes and Touton giant cells.

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Epiretinal membranes are cellular sheets on the retinal surface that are formed due to varied etiologies. We present two observational case reports to demonstrate the transretinal migration of the retinal pigment epithelium in pigmented idiopathic epiretinal membranes using optical coherence tomography.

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