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   Table of Contents      
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 1991  |  Volume : 39  |  Issue : 4  |  Page : 174-175

Anti-insulin antibodies and retinopathy in juvenile onset type-1 diabetes


Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, Department of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, All Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

Correspondence Address:
K Sharma
Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Post Box 375, Lucknow - 226001
India
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Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


PMID: 1810880

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  Abstract 

Juvenile diabetics have severe loss of beta cell function and require replacement therapy with insulin. Insulin antigenicity can produce anti-insulin antibodies resulting in allergic reactions and insulin resistance. The role of insulin-anti-insulin antibody complexes in the development and progress of chronic diabetic complications like microangiopathy is not very clear. In the present study, there was statistically a significant trend of higher insulin antibody binding levels in IDDM patients who developed retinopathy. Though there was a trend of higher insulin antibody in IDDM patients with retinopathy, there was no association between insulin antibody and HLA antigen which some authors have reported.


How to cite this article:
Sharma K, Khosla P K, Tiwari H K, Sharma R K, Bajaj J S. Anti-insulin antibodies and retinopathy in juvenile onset type-1 diabetes. Indian J Ophthalmol 1991;39:174-5

How to cite this URL:
Sharma K, Khosla P K, Tiwari H K, Sharma R K, Bajaj J S. Anti-insulin antibodies and retinopathy in juvenile onset type-1 diabetes. Indian J Ophthalmol [serial online] 1991 [cited 2024 Mar 28];39:174-5. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/ijo/pages/default.aspx/text.asp?1991/39/4/174/24429



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  Introduction Top


Juvenile diabetics have severe loss of beta cell function and require replacement therapy with insulin. Insulin antigenicity can produce anti-insulin antibodies resulting in allergic reactions [1] and insulin resistance [2] The role of insulin-anti-insulin antibody complexes in the development and progress of chronic diabetic complications like microangiopathy is not very clear. The present study investigates the relationship be­tween anti-insulin antibody and retinopathy in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).


  Material and methods Top


Thirty five patients of IDDM were studied for the presence of diabetic retinopathy by fluorescein an­giography. They were divided into various groups depending on the severity of retinopathy [3]: Group I-no retinopathy (20 patients); Group II with retinopathy (15 patients) further subdivided into Ila - mild retinopathy (6 patients) and Ilb - severe retinopathy (proliferative and maculopathy, 9 patients).

Patients showing loss of beta cell function indicated by low serum C peptide immunoreactivity (RIA kit,Novo Research Institute, Denmark) and low serum immunoreactive insulin [4]; both baseline and after glucose load, were included in the study.

Serum insulin antibody: Fasting blood samples were analysed for insulin antibody by radioimmunoassay (RIA) [5]. Percentage of insulin binding was determined by a RIA procedure usin dextran coated charcoal method and titration with 125 insulin (monocomponent porcine insulin; Novo Research Institute, Im­munochemical Laboratory, Denmark). Percentage of insulin antibody binding was estimated in undiluted serum and after dilutions i.e. 1:10, 1:50 and 1:100.

The patients also underwent HLA typing for A,B,C loci by two stage microlymphocytotoxicity method of Terasaki and McClelland [6].


  Observation Top


Insulin antibody binding: The binding of 125 labelled pork insulin by the serum sample in IDDM (35 patients), were expressed as percent of labelled insulin bound [Figure - 1]. Sixty percent of patients with retinopathy and only 20% without retinopathy had moderate or high serum insulin binding levels. This difference was statistically significant ([Table - 1]. P>0.05). Mean values of percentage of insulin an­tibody binding in retinopathy group was also higher than the no-retinopathy group [Table - 2], but this failed to reach statistical significance.

HLA and anti-insulin antibodies: There was no sig­nificant association between any HLA antigen and insulin binding [Table - 3].


  Discussion Top


Some workers have suggested that immune com­plexes may play a role in the degenerative diseases of diabetes including microangiopathy [7]. The antigen antibody complexes in the plasma of diabetics are partially due to insulin and its antibodies [8]. Cytotoxic immune complexes could be formed as a combination of high affinity insulin antibody with previously se-questered insulin in the vascular wall.

In the present study, there was statistically a sig­nificant trend of higher insulin antibody binding levels in IDDM patients who developed retinopathy [Table - 1]. Anderson [9] has also found that the frequency of high insulin antibody titre was significantly greater among diabetics with complications like retinopathy and insulin-antinsulin antibody complexes may be involved in aggravating the microvascular pathology. Other workers have failed to find such a relationship [10]

Evidence is slim but increasing to support that diabetic microangiopathy may be caused or ac­celerated by immune complexes. Atkins et al [11] have found strong correlation between the insulin antibody and islet cell antibody and presence of both increased the likelihood of autoimmune phenomenon.

HLA and insulin antibody: The susceptibility to retinopathy in IDDM has been correlated with par­ticular HLA antigens [12]. The possibility that this could be mediated by production of insulin antibodies has been investigated. In our present study, though there was a trend of higher insulin antibody in IDDM patients with retinopathy, there was no association between insulin antibody and HLA antigen [Table - 3]. Some workers [10] have found such an association with HLA 15 but others have failed to confirm it [13] In conclusion, the higher levels of anti-insulin antibody seen in patients of IDDM with retinopathy did not show any association with HLA. It remains speculative whether raised levels of anti-insulin antibody have a role to play in either initiation or aggravation of retinopathy or alternatively they may simply be a reflection of non specific secondary tissue damage


  Summary Top
:

Thirty five patients of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) were investigated for retinopathy by fluorescein angiography. Serum levels of insulin an­tibody binding were correlated with the retinopathy. Patients with retinopathy had a trend towards higher serum insulin antibody binding levels which was statistically significant. There was no association between HLA phenotypes and the insulin antibody levels.

 
  References Top

1.
Kumar, D.. 1977, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab, 45:1159.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Andersen, O.O., 1975, Acta Endocrinol. 78:723.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Leslie, R.D.G., Barnett, A.H., Pyke, D.A., 1979. Lancet, 1;997.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Khardori, R., Bajaj. J.S., Deo, M.G., Bansal, D.O., 1980, J. Endocrine Invest., 3:273.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Bersen, S.A., Yalow, R.S., 1962, Immunoassay of hormones. Ciba Foundation on Endocrinology.. Vol.14, Churchill. London.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Terasaki, PI., McClellamd, J.D., 1964, Nature, 204:998.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Berns. A. W., Owens, C T., Hirata, Y., Blumenthal. H.T., 1962, Diabetes. 11:308.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
DiMario. U., lavicoli, M., Andereani, U., 1980 Diabetologica, 19:89.   Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Andersen. O.O.. 1976, Acta Endrocrinol.. 83:329.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Gray. R.S., Starkey, I.R., Rainbow, S., Kurtz, A.B., Abdel Khalik, A..Urabanik, S.. Elton. R.A.. Duncan, L.J.P. Clarke, B.F., 1982 Br. J. Ophthalmol., 66:280.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Atlins, M.A.. Maclarem, N.K., Riley, W.J., Winter, W.E., Fisk, D.D., Spillar, R.P. 1986, Diabetes. 35:894.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.
Barbosa. J., Ramsay, R. C., Knobloch, W.C., 1980, Am. J. Ophthalmol.90:148.  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.
Bodansky, H.J., Wolf, E., Cudworth. A.G., Dean B.M., Nineham, L.J., Bottazzo, G.F, Mathews, J.A., Kurtz, A.B., Kohner, E.M. 1982, Diabetes, 31:70.  Back to cited text no. 13
    


    Figures

  [Figure - 1]
 
 
    Tables

  [Table - 1], [Table - 2], [Table - 3]


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