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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2005 | Volume
: 53
| Issue : 1 | Page : 17-22 |
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Epidemiological and Microbiological Diagnosis of Suppurative Keratitis in Gangetic West Bengal, Eastern India
Samar K Basak1, Sukumar Basak2, Ayan Mohanta1, Arup Bhowmick1
1 Disha Eye Hospital & Research Centre, Barrackpore, West Bengal, India
2 and School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India
| Date of Submission | 17-May-2004 |
| Date of Decision | 24-Nov-2004 |
| |
Correspondence Address:
Samar K Basak
Disha Eye Hospitals & Research Centre, Barrackpore, North 24-Parganas, West Bengal - 700 120
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.15280
PURPOSE: To determine the epidemiologcial pattern and risk factors involved in suppurative corneal ulceration in Gangetic West Bengal, eastern India, and to identify the specific microbial agents responsible for corneal infections. METHODS: All patients with suspected microbial keratitis presenting to the corneal clinic at Disha Eye Hospital, Barrackpore, West Bengal, India, from January 2001 to December 2003 were evaluated. Sociodemographic data and information pertaining to the risk factors were recorded. After diagnosing infective corneal ulcer clinically, corneal scraping and cultures were performed. RESULTS: Over a three-year period, 1198 patients with suppurative keratitis were evaluated. Ocular trauma was the most common predisposing factor in 994 (82.9%) patients (P< 0.0001), followed by use of topical corticosteroids in 231 (19.28%) patients. Cultures were positive in 811 (67.7%) patients. Among these culture positive cases, 509 (62.7%) patients had pure fungal infections (P< 0.001), 184 (22.7%) patients had pure bacterial infections and 114 (14.1%) had mixed fungal with bacterial infections. Acanthamoeba was detected in 4 (0.49%) patients. The most common fungal pathogen was Aspergillus spp representing 373 (59.8%) of all positive fungal cultures (P< 0.0001), followed by Fusarium spp in 132 (21.2%) instances. Most common bacterial isolate was Staphylococcus aureus, representing 127 (42.6%) of all the bacterial culture (P< 0.0001) followed by Pseudomonas spp 63 (21.1%). CONCLUSION: Suppurative keratitis in Gangetic West Bengal, most often occurs after a superficial corneal trauma with vegetative or organic materials. Fungal ulcers are more common than bacterial ulcers. Aspergillus spp and Staphylococcus aureus were the most common fungus and bacteria respectively. These ′regional′ findings have important public health implications for the treatment and prevention of suppurative corneal ulceration in this region of India. Keywords: Suppurative keratitis, epidemiology, Gangetic West Bengal
How to cite this article:
Basak SK, Basak S, Mohanta A, Bhowmick A. Epidemiological and Microbiological Diagnosis of Suppurative Keratitis in Gangetic West Bengal, Eastern India. Indian J Ophthalmol 2005;53:17-22 |
Corneal infections are the second most common cause of monocular blindness after unoperated cataract in some developing countries in the tropics.[1]-[3] The incidence of microbial keratitis varies from 11 per 100,000 persons/year in the United States to 799 per 100,000 persons/year in Nepal.[4],[5] The associated ocular morbidity is the result of several factors and patients′ management is directly affected by the lack of diagnostic facilities and initiation of appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Specific treatment requires quick and accurate identification of the causative micro-organisms.[6]
The epidemiological pattern and causative agents for suppurative corneal ulcer varies significantly from country to country, and even from region to region within the same country. It is important to determine the "regional" aetiology within a given region for comprehensive strategy for the diagnosis and treatment of corneal ulcer.[6] Several studies have addressed these questions in the Indian subcontinent.[1],[2],[5],[7]-[20] But only one small-size study is available from rural Bengal19 and one study on fungal keratitis from Assam (Medline Search).[20] A comprehensive data as regards to the demographical and aetiological factors of suppurative corneal ulcerations from eastern India is not available.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate all suppurative keratitis seen at a semi-urban large eye hospital in West Bengal, eastern India, over a period of three years from January, 2001 to December, 2003. We also attempted to search for the antecedent risk factors predisposing to the development of suppurative keratitis and to identify the specific microorganisms responsible for infections. We believe this will help in management of such cases in this region.
| Materials and Methods | |  |
Patients
The data on suppurative keratitis was collected prospectively at Disha Eye Hospitals and Research Centre, Barrackpore, West Bengal in between 1 January, 2001 to 31 December, 2003. Disha Eye Hospitals and Research centre is a tertiary care eye institute in eastern India that caters to the patients from North 24-Parganas district and surrounding four Districts of Gangetic West Bengal, a population of over 10 million.
All patients were included consecutively after the initial clinical diagnosis of suppurative corneal ulcer was made. Corneal ulcer was defined as a loss of the corneal epithelium with underlying stromal infiltration and suppuration associated with signs of inflammation with or without hypopyon.7 The ulcers excluded from this study were: typical or suspected viral ulcers, healing ulcers, Mooren′s ulcer, marginal keratitis, interstitial keratitis, atheromatous ulcer, neurotrophic keratitis, and any ulcer associated with systemic or autoimmune diseases. A standardised form was completed for each patient documenting socio-demographic information as well as clinical findings including duration of symptoms, past treatment, time of presentation, predisposing ocular conditions and associated systemic risk factors amongst other clinical details.
Clinical procedure
The visual acuity was measured in a standard manner. All patients were examined under slitlamp biomicroscope by an ophthalmologist. The size of the ulcer was measured after staining with wet sterile fluorescein paper strip using the variable slit on the slit lamp and recorded in millimeters. In a similar way, size of the stromal infiltrate and depth of the lesion was recorded. Ulcer margin, floor, thinning, satellite lesions, pigmentation on the ulcer surface, any impacted foreign body were noted. The presence of hypopyon was recorded and its height was measured in millimeters. Any associated ocular condition like trichiasis/entropion, blepharitis, Bell′s palsy, lagophthalmos, chronic dacryocystitis, dry eyes, corneal anaesthesia, bullous keratopathy, spheroidal degeneration of the cornea, any surgery on the cornea, use of contact lens, or ocular leprosy was also noted. The use of topical medications including topical corticosteroids were also noted.7,18
Corneal scraping was performed under strict aseptic conditions by an ophthalmologist using a sterile Bard-Parkar blade (No 15).18,21 The procedure was performed under magnification of a slitlamp or binocular loupe following instillation of preservative-free 2% lignocaine hydrochloride. Material obtained from scraping of the leading edge and base of each ulcer was inoculated in the media and smeared onto two slides, one stained with Gram stain and the other with 10% Potassium hydroxide (KOH) for direct microscopic evaluation.6
Laboratory procedures
For bacterial cultures, the materials were inoculated aerobically at 370 C onto blood agar, chocolate agar, and potato dextrose agar (PDA). Cultures on blood agar and chocolate agar was evaluated at 24 hours and 48 hours, and then discarded if there was no growth. For fungal cultures the materials were inoculated on to Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) and incubated at room temperature, examined daily, and discarded after 2 weeks if there was no growth. When KOH smears were positive for amoebic cysts, a further corneal scraping was performed and the material was inoculated onto non-nutrient agar overlaid with Escherichia coli; this was discarded if there was no growth after 7 days.6 Bacterial cultures were considered positive only if growth of the same organism was demonstrated on both media or there was semi confluent growth at the site of inoculation on one media with identification of morphological characteristics of similar organism in Gram Stain.6
The specific identification of bacterial pathogens was based on microscopic morphology, staining characteristics and biochemical properties using standard laboratory criteria. Fungi were identified by their colony characteristics on SDA and by the morphological appearance of the spores in lactophenol cotton blue stain, and in some cases by slide culture method. If by microscopy in KOH mount preparation, hyphae were observed in corneal smear, but failed to grow in culture, the causative organism was reported as fungal.6 All laboratory methods followed standard protocols which have been discussed in details in previous publications.1, 6, 7, 18
| Results | | |
Epidemiological Characteristics
1198 patients with the clinical diagnosis of corneal ulcer with or without hypopyon were enrolled for this study. 846 (70.6%) patients were males and 352 (29.4%) were females (p< 0.0001). In both groups, keralitis occurred most frequently (591; 49.3%) in the age group 21-40 years (P< 0.0001). Most of the patients (941; 78.5%) were from rural areas (P< 0.0001). The majority (691; 57.6%) were farmers or agricultural workers, usually working in paddy or jute fields. A majority of the patients (621; 51.8%) were seen between 2-3 weeks of their illness at our hospital and 156 (13%) patients reported after 4 weeks. There was a significant increase in patients (297; 24.8%) during the month of November and December ([Table - 1]). Primary care was sought by 1056 (88.1%) patients before their first visit to us. Among them, 538 (50.9%) patients were seen by ophthalmologists, (142; 13.4%) received advice from ophthalmic assistants, (106; 10.0%) went to general physician, (224; 21.2%) received advice from chemists and 29 (2.3%) patients went to physicians of alternative medicine (Homeopathy, Ayurved). Only 7 (0.67%) patients went to village healers. 393 (37.22%) patients consulted two or more physicians before presenting to us.
Of the patients who were on some form of topical medication (n = 1056), 918 (86.9%) were taking antibiotic drops (ciprofloxacin, tobramycin, ofloxacin, chloramphenicol, or sparfloxacin), 194 (18.4%) patients were taking antifungal eye drops, (natamycin or itraconazole), 136 (12.8%) were on acyclovir eye ointment, 231 (21.8%) were taking topical corticosteroids and in 34 (3.2%) patients the name of medication could not be ascertained.
Predisposing factors
A history of recent corneal injury was obtained in 994 (82.9%) patients. 715 (59.6%) patients had corneal injury with vegetative matter; mostly (526; 43.9%) paddy or paddy stalk (P< 0.0001), followed by jute plant (128; 10.6%). Other significant agents were twig of a tree, flying insect, dirt, mud, sand, etc. Ocular problems predisposing to corneal ulcer were present in 121 (10.1%) patients. Among them, 29 (2.4%) patients had chronic dacryocystitits and 18 (1.5%) had dry eyes. In addition, 8 patients were postsurgical and 4 patients were soft contact lens users. 92 (7.6%) were diabetic and 6 patients had leprosy ([Table - 2]). The risks for suppurative keratitis associated with these predisposing conditions were presumptive.[7]
Microbial Diagnosis
Cultures were positive in 811 (67.7%) corneal ulcers. 509 (42.5%) patients had pure fungal growth, 184 (15.3%) had pure bacterial growth, 114 (9.5%) cases had mixed bacterial and fungal growth, and 4 (0.3%) patients were positive for Acanthemoeba. The remaining 387 (32.3%) patients were culture negative ([Table - 3]). 298 bacterial growths were obtained from 184 patients. Of the 298 isolates 214 (71.8%) were gram positive and 84 (28.2%) were gram negative. Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly isolated bacterial organism (127; 42.6%) of all positive bacterial cultures. The other isolated gram-positive organisms were Staphylococcus epidermidis (15.7%), Streptococci pneumoniae (9.4%), and Diphtheroids. Pseudomonas spp, the most frequently occurring gram-negative organism was isolated from 63 (21.1%) cultures ([Table - 4]). The other gram-negative organisms were Enterobactor spp, Moraxella spp, Haemophilus influenzae, etc. There were 623 fungal isolates in 509 patients - 373 (59.8%) grew Aspergillus spp, 132 (21.2%) grew Fusarium spp and 63 (10.1%) grew Penicillium spp. Yeast form, Candida spp was positive in 7 (1.1%) cases. Dematiacious fungi, such as Curvularia, Alternaria, Bipolaris and Cladosporium were present in 12 (1.7%) cases ([Table - 5]).
| Discussion | | |
In this study, the majority of the corneal ulcer patients (70.7%) were agricultural workers and daily wage earners, an occupation profile similar to south Indian study7,[18] (66.8% and 79.3% respectively), but in contrast to Ghana, where only 16.1% of the patients were agricultural workers.[22] Undoubtedly, ocular injury with paddy or its stalk was the most common (43.91%) predisposing factor in this study, followed by jute plant (10.7%), another important crop in Gangetic West Bengal. Any preventive programme obviously should address this occupation related corneal trauma.
Unlike south India (60%),[7] only 132 (11.1%) patients in this study presented during the first week of their illness. Before their first presentation at our hospital, 1056 (88.1%) patients had consulted health-care provider of some kind, and 680 (56.7%) of them had consulted ophthalmic personnel. Similar to the south India, most eye medications are sold over the counter without a prescription in West Bengal and it is not a surprising observation that 224 (18.7%) patients received some form of topical medication from a chemist before their first consultation. It is also a matter of serious concern that 231 (19.3%) patients were on topical corticosteroids for variable duration. This was in contrast to the reports of 8% and 1.1% from south India.[7],[18]
A significant increase (297; 24.8%) in the number of cases of suppurative keratitis was observed during harvesting seasons of November-December (p< 0.001). Others have noted an increase incidence of fungal keratitis during the dry, windy, harvesting seasons compared with the wet, humid months of the year,[6],[9],[10],[23] and few others have reported an increase during the hot and humid months.[15],[22],[24]
In this study 811 (67.7%) of 1198 corneal scrapings were culture positive. This is similar to reports in Ghana6 and south India,[7],[18] 57.3%, 68.4% and 70.6% culture positive respectively. Culture and/or smear- positive fungi were identified as the principal aetiologic agent in 596 (49.7%) patients of all corneal ulcers. Among these, 87 (7.2%) cases were only smear-positive for fungus. 114 (9.5%) patients with mixed infections were considered primarily fungal for therapeutic reasons. So a total of 710 (59.3%) were treated as fungal infection. This figure is higher than the south Indian reports by Srinivasan et al,[7] (51.9%) Leck et al, [6] (44.1%) Bharathi et al.[18] It is also higher than the study from Assam, eastern India where the incidence of fungal keratitis was 32%. Mixed infections both by bacteria and fungi were also more (9.5%) in the current series as compared to the reports by Srinivasan et al (5.1%),[7] Leck et al (5.5%)[6] and Bharathi et al (2.4%)[18] from south India.
298 (24.8%) were bacteria positive, 15.3% had pure bacterial infection and 9.5% had a mixed infection. This reduction in bacterial corneal ulcers in general at the referral centres might be attributed to more successful treatment of bacterial corneal ulcers in the periphery since the introduction of topical fluoroquinolones in the late 1990s.[24] Of the 298 bacterial isolates, 42.6% was Staphylococcus aureus, which was similar to the early study from Bengal.[20] The most common infecting bacteria was Streptococcus pneumoniae in Nepal and south India,[1],[5],[7] and Pseudomonas spp in Ghana and Bangladesh.[6],[9]
The most commonly isolated fungal pathogens in the current series were Aspergillus spp. Of 623 fungal isolates, 59.8% were Aspergillus spp, 21.2% were Fusarium spp and 10.1% were Penicillium spp. In our study, Candida spp [(7; 1.12%) and pigment-producing dematiaceous fungi (12; 1.78%)] were less compared to other studies.[1],[18] Aspergillus species were predominate in Mumbai, parts of south India, north India, Nepal and Bangladesh.[1],[9],[12],[13],[16]-[18] Other studies in south India have reported Fusarium spp to be more common than Aspergillus spp.[6],[8],[21] Fusarium spp have also been found to be the principal fungal pathogen in Florida, Paraguay, Nigeria, Tanzania, Hong Kong and Singapore.[4],[25]-[32] This phenomenon may be explained by differences in climate and the natural environment. Acanthamoeba infections were present in 4 (0.3%) patients. Two of them were contact lens wearers, and the other two patients gave a history of trauma to the eye while takeing bath on pond.
In summary, suppurative keratitis continues to be a cause for concern among the ophthalmologists in West Bengal and it is evident that predominance of agricultural activity in the Gangetic West Bengal is the principle causative factor. This "regional" information is important with regard to empirical management, as many eye clinics in the locality do not have microbiology facilities. It will also help us formulate guidelines for prevention of suppurative keratitis in the population at risk.
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[Table - 1], [Table - 2], [Table - 3], [Table - 4], [Table - 5]
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A human corneal ulcer caused by Thelazia callipaeda in Southwest China: case report |
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Etiological spectrum of infectious keratitis in the era of MALDI-TOF-MS at a tertiary care hospital |
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Clinico-etiological profile of microbial keratitis: A pilot study from the foothills of Himalayas |
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A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEATURES, MICROBIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT OUTCOME OF INFECTIVE KERATITIS |
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| Sanjay Kumar Goyal, Uma Meena, D.S. Meena, Vijay Gupta | | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH. 2020; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 28 |
Clinico-Aetiological Scenario and Microbiological Profile in Corneal Ulcer Cases in a Tertiary Eye Care Centre in Southern Assam |
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Comparison of fungal and bacterial keratitis between tropical and subtropical Taiwan: a prospective cohort study |
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Bacterial and fungal causes of infectious keratitis among patients attending Research Institute of Ophthalmology |
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Demography, Risk Factors, and Clinical and Microbiological Features of Microbial Keratitis at a Tertiary Eye Hospital in Nepal |
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Epidemiological and Microbiological Profile of Suppurative Corneal Ulcer in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Eastern India |
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The Spectrum of Microbial Keratitis: An Updated Review |
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| Christopher Bartimote, John Foster, Stephanie Watson | | The Open Ophthalmology Journal. 2019; 13(1): 100 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 34 |
MICROBIAL KERATITIS- MICROBIAL PATTERN IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE OF A METROPOLITAN CITY |
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| Vrunda MorePatil, Sapna Malik, Minu Ramakrishnan, Jyothirlatha Bangera | | Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. 2019; 8(14): 1145 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 35 |
A CLINICAL STUDY OF SUPPURATIVE KERATITIS |
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| Nikhil R. P, Himabindu Himabindu, Manaswini D | | Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. 2019; 8(3): 200 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 36 |
ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL OCULAR ISOLATES FROM TERTIARY CARE OPHTHALMIC HOSPITALS IN CHENNAI |
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Mast Cell Activation Protects Cornea by Promoting Neutrophil Infiltration via Stimulating ICAM-1 and Vascular Dilation in Fungal Keratitis |
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| Yanting Xie, Hongmin Zhang, Susu Liu, Guoming Chen, Siyu He, Zhijie Li, Liya Wang | | Scientific Reports. 2018; 8(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 38 |
A STUDY OF THE AETIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL FEATURES OF INFECTED CORNEAL ULCERS AS STUDIED IN A RURAL POPULATION |
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| Padmajothi Mudianur Subrahmanyam, Anjali Lita Roche | | Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare. 2017; 4(14): 789 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 39 |
A STUDY ON EPIDEMIOLOGY AND AETIOLOGY OF SUPPURATIVE CORNEAL ULCER IN SUBHIMALAYAN PART OF WEST BENGAL |
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| Gangotri Barui, Soumyadeep Majumdar, Udit Raj Sharma, Shyama Prasad Saha | | Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare. 2017; 4(67): 4001 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 40 |
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF SUPPURATIVE KERATITIS |
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| Anshu Sharma, Himanshu Sardana, Sarita Aggarwal, Varun Aggarwal, Awantika Bhadauria | | Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare. 2017; 4(8): 423 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 41 |
Non-contact lens related Acanthamoeba keratitis |
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| Prashant Garg, Paavan Kalra, Joveeta Joseph | | Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2017; 65(11): 1079 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 42 |
ANALYSIS OF CASES OF MICROBIAL KERATITIS IN A MEDICAL COLLEGE IN VISAKHAPATNAM |
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TO STUDY THE RESULT OF EMPIRICAL TREATMENT OUTCOME OF CORNEAL ULCER PATIENTS WHO REFUSED CORNEAL SCRAPING IN EASTERN PART OF RURAL INDIA |
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| Debdas Mukherjee, Khevna Patel, Nivedita Choudhury, Alok Kumar, Debtanu Mukherjee | | Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare. 2016; 3(67): 3649 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 44 |
A comparative, retrospective, observational study of the clinical and microbiological profiles of post-penetrating keratoplasty keratitis |
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| I-Huang Lin, Yi-Sheng Chang, Sung-Huei Tseng, Yi-Hsun Huang | | Scientific Reports. 2016; 6(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 45 |
Filamentous fungal infections of the cornea: a global overview of epidemiology and drug sensitivity |
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| László Kredics,Venkatapathy Narendran,Coimbatore Subramanian Shobana,Csaba Vágvölgyi,Palanisamy Manikandan | | Mycoses. 2015; 58(4): 243 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 46 |
Trends in bacterial and fungal keratitis in South India, 2002-2012 |
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| P. Lalitha,N. V. Prajna,G. Manoharan,M. Srinivasan,J. Mascarenhas,M. Das,S. S. DćSilva,T. C. Porco,J. D. Keenan | | British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015; 99(2): 192 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 47 |
Corneal infections in the 21st century |
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| Hon Shing Ong, Melanie C Corbett | | Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2015; 91(1080): 565 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 48 |
Comparison of Mycotic Keratitis with Nonmycotic Keratitis: An Epidemiological Study |
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| Mohammad M. Khater,Nehal S. Shehab,Anwar S. El-Badry | | Journal of Ophthalmology. 2014; 2014: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 49 |
Microbial Keratitis Profile at a University Hospital in Hong Kong |
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| Tracy H. T. Lai,Vishal Jhanji,Alvin L. Young | | International Scholarly Research Notices. 2014; 2014: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 50 |
Series of Five Cases of Papulaspora equi Keratomycosis |
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| Satheesh S. T. Selvin,Sanita M. G. Korah,Joy S. Michael,Promila M. Raj,Pushpa Jacob | | Cornea. 2014; 33(6): 640 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 51 |
Clinical utility of caspofungin eye drops in fungal keratitis |
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| Chin Fen Neoh,Mark Daniell,Sharon C.-A. Chen,Kay Stewart,David C.M. Kong | | International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2014; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 52 |
Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of infectious keratitis in Paraguay |
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| Martin M. Nentwich,M. Bordón,D. Sánchez di Martino,A. Ruiz Campuzano,W. Martínez Torres,F. Laspina,S. Lichi,M. Samudio,N. Farina,Rosa R. Sanabria,Herminia Mino de Kaspar | | International Ophthalmology. 2014; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 53 |
Vision-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Infectious Keratitis |
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| Yimin Li,Jiaxu Hong,Anji Wei,Xin Wang,Yan Chen,Xinhan Cui,Xinghuai Sun,Zuguo Liu,Jianjiang Xu | | Optometry and Vision Science. 2014; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 54 |
In VitroAntibiotic Susceptibility ofPseudomonas aeruginosaCorneal Ulcer Isolates |
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| Shikha Gupta,Sudeep Mittal,Niranjan Nayak,Gita Satpathy,Sudarshan Khokhar,Tushar Agarwal | | Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 2014; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 55 |
Clinical and microbiological characteristics of corneal ulcers in a Thai referral center |
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| Kosol Kampitak, Haruetai Suntisetsin, Tasanee Sirikul | | Asian Biomedicine. 2014; 8(2): 275 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 56 |
Posttraumatic Keratitis Caused by Elizabethkingia meningosepticum |
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| Elif Erdem,Sibel Abdurrahmanoglu,Filiz Kibar,Meltem Yagmur,Fatih Koksal,Reha Ersoz | | Eye & Contact Lens: Science & Clinical Practice. 2013; 39(5): 361 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 57 |
Role of Liquid Culture Media in the Laboratory Diagnosis of Microbial Keratitis |
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| Yogesh Bhadange,Savitri Sharma,Sujata Das,Srikant K. Sahu | | American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2013; 156(4): 745 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 58 |
Candida Keratitis : Emerging Problem in India |
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| Jayangshu Sengupta, Archana Khetan, Suman Saha, Debdulal Banerjee, Nibaran Gangopadhyay, Dipanjan Pal | | Cornea. 2012; 31(4): 371 | | [VIEW] | [DOI] | | | 59 |
Changing Referral Patterns of Infectious Corneal Ulcers to a Tertiary Care Facility in South India – 7-year analysis |
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| Sabyasachi Sengupta,Krishnan Thiruvengadakrishnan,Ravilla D. Ravindran,Manivasagam C. Vaitilingam | | Ophthalmic Epidemiology. 2012; 19(5): 297 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 60 |
Diagnosis and treatment outcome of mycotic keratitis at a tertiary eye care center in eastern india |
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| Bibhudutta Rautaraya, Savitri Sharma, Sarita Kar, Sujata Das, Srikant K Sahu | | BMC Ophthalmology. 2011; 11(1): 39 | | [VIEW] | [DOI] | | | 61 |
Geographic variations in microbial keratitis: An analysis of the peer-reviewed literature |
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| Shah, A., Sachdev, A., Coggon, D., Hossain, P. | | British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2011; 95(6): 762-767 | | [Pubmed] | | | 62 |
Keratomycosis with superadded bacterial infection due to corticosteroid abuse-a case report |
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| Kumar, A., Pandya, S., Madan, M., Kavathia, G. | | Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2010; 4(4): 2918-2921 | | [Pubmed] | | | 63 |
Epidemiology and etiologic diagnosis of infectious keratitis in Uberlandia, Brazil |
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| Furlanetto, R.L., Andreo, E.G.V., Finotti, I.G.A., Arcieri, E.S., Ferreira, M.A., Rocha, F.J. | | European Journal of Ophthalmology. 2010; 20(3): 498-503 | | [Pubmed] | | | 64 |
Etiologic Diagnosis of Corneal Ulceration at a Tertiary Eye Center in Kathmandu, Nepal : |
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| Michael R Feilmeier, Kavitha R Sivaraman, Matt Oliva, Geoffrey C Tabin, Reeta Gurung | | Cornea. 2010; 29(12): 1380 | | [VIEW] | [DOI] | | | 65 |
Analysis of the risk factors predisposing to fungal, bacterial & Acanthamoeba keratitis in south India |
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| Bharathi, M.J., Ramakrishnan, R., Meenakshi, R., Shivakumar, C., Lional Raj, L. | | Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2009; 130(6): 749 -757 | | [Pubmed] | | | 66 |
Epidemiological characteristics, predisposing factors and microbiological profiles of infectious corneal ulcers: The Portsmouth corneal ulcer study |
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| Ibrahim, Y.W., Boase, D.L., Cree, I.A. | | British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2009; 93(10): 1319-1324 | | [Pubmed] | | | 67 |
Shifting trends of pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance in bacterial keratitis |
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| Wang, J., Zhao, M. | | Chinese Ophthalmic Research. 2008; 26(11): 868-872 | | [Pubmed] | | | 68 |
Incidence and clinical features of contact lens related microbial keratitis |
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| Wajin, W.A.S., Qader, A.M.A., Shaharuddin, B., Hitam, W.H.W. | | International Medical Journal. 2008; 15(3): 221-223 | | [Pubmed] | | | 69 |
Comparative analysis of the tear protein profile in mycotic keratitis patients |
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| Ananthi, S., Chitra, T., Bini, R., Prajna, N.V., Lalitha, P., Dharmalingam, K. | | Molecular Vision. 2008; 14: 500-507 | | [Pubmed] | | | 70 |
Microbial keratitis: Aetiological diagnosis and clinical features in patients admitted to Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia |
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| Norina, T.J., Raihan, S., Bakiah, S., Ezanee, M., Liza-Sharmini, A.T., Wan Hazzabah, W.H. | | Singapore Medical Journal. 2008; 49(1): 67-71 | | [Pubmed] | | | 71 |
Mycotic keratitis: an overview of diagnosis and therapy |
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| P. K. Shukla, M. Kumar, G. B. S. Keshava | | Mycoses. 2008; 51(3): 183 | | [VIEW] | [DOI] | | | 72 |
A study of the spectrum of Acanthamoeba keratitis: A three-year study at a tertiary eye care referral center in South India |
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| Bharathi, J.M., Srinivasan, M., Ramakrishnan, R., Meenakshi, R., Padmavathy, S., Lalitha, P.N. | | Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2007; 55(1): 37-42 | | [Pubmed] | | | 73 |
Microbial keratitis in South India: Influence of risk factors, climate, and geographical variation |
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| Bharathi, M.J., Ramakrishnan, R., Meenakshi, R., Padmavathy, S., Shivakumar, C., Srinivasan, M. | | Ophthalmic Epidemiology. 2007; 14(2): 61-69 | | [Pubmed] | | | 74 |
Evaluation of Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Ribosomal DNA Sequencing Technique for the Diagnosis of Mycotic Keratitis |
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| Ghosh, A., Basu, S., Datta, H., Chattopadhyay, D. | | American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2007; 144(3): 396-403 | | [Pubmed] | | | 75 |
Infective keratitis: A challenge to Indian ophthalmologists |
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| Srinivasan, M. | | Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2007; 55(1): 5-6 | | [Pubmed] | | | 76 |
Evaluation of Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Ribosomal DNA Sequencing Technique for the Diagnosis of Mycotic Keratitis |
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| Abhrajyoti Ghosh,Sayan Basu,Himadri Datta,Dhrubajyoti Chattopadhyay | | American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2007; 144(3): 396 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 77 |
Microbial Keratitis |
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| Basak, S.K. | | Ophthalmology. 2006; 113(11): 2115-2116 | | [Pubmed] | | | 78 |
Prevalence and spectrum of bacterial co-infection during fungal keratitis |
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| Pate, J.C., Jones, D.B., Wilhelmus, K.R. | | British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2006; 90(3): 289-292 | | [Pubmed] | | | 79 |
Dematiaceous fungal keratitis: Its prevalence and sensitivity pattern of the isolates |
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| Jeya, M., Udhaya, V., Vasudevan, R. | | Biomedicine. 2006; 26(1-2): 29-34 | | [Pubmed] | | | 80 |
Microbial Keratitis |
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| Samar K. Basak | | Ophthalmology. 2006; 113(11): 2115 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 81 |
Authorćs reply |
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| Basak, S.K., Basak, S., Mohanta, A., Bhowmick, A. | | Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2005; 53(2): 143 | | [Pubmed] | | | 82 |
Epidemiological and microbiological diagnosis of suppurative keratitis in gangetic West Bengal, Eastern India |
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| Thomas, P.A., Kaliamurthy, J., Geraldine, P. | | Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2005; 53(2): 143 | | [Pubmed] | |
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