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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2005 | Volume
: 53
| Issue : 2 | Page : 115-120 |
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Role of Early Radial Optic Neurotomy in Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
Manish Nagpal, Kamal Nagpal, Chirag Bhatt, Pran N Nagpal
Retina Foundation, Ahmedabad, India
Correspondence Address:
Kamal Nagpal
Dr. Kamal Nagpal, Retina Foundation, Near Shahibag Underbridge, Rajbhavan Road, Ahmedabad - 380 004, India
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.16175
Purpose : To determine safety, clinical and visual results, and potential complications of early radial optic neurotomy (RON) surgery in eyes with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), with relative afferent pupillary defect and visual acuity < 6/60.
Materials and Methods : This prospective, interventional case-series included 24 patients of CRVO who underwent RON within 2 months of disease onset.
The preoperative examination included slitlamp biomicroscopy, fundus photography and fluorescein angiography. Foveal thickness was measured using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the last 6 eyes only. In each case, RON was performed after informed consent. Two radial incisions were placed in the nasal quadrant of the optic disc, using a micro-vitreoretinal blade. The postoperative change in vision, clinical picture, fundus photographs, angiograms and foveal thickness by OCT were the main outcome variables studied. The Wilcoxan signed test was used to assess the results.
Results : Average symptom duration was 37.8 ± 15.2 days (range 15-60 days, median: 34.5 days) and follow-up 7.7 ± 2.1 months (range 1-12 months, median: 8 months). Visual outcome: 2 (8.33%) eyes each had fall and preservation of pre-RON visual acuity respectively. Twenty eyes (83.33%) showed increase in vision (of average 3 lines). Pre and postoperative vision ranged from 0.017-0.1 (average:0.061) and 0.017-0.667 (average: 0.17) respectively ( P < 0.05). Clinical and angiographic outcome: Decline in macular oedema, decreased or resolved intraretinal haemorrhages, resolution of venous dilatation and disc oedema could be appreciated in all cases. Foveal thickness: Average pre and postoperative foveal thickness was 834.17 µm and 556.17 µm respectively ( P < 0.05) in the 6 eyes where it was measured before and after RON. One eye developed retinal-detachment.
Conclusion : Radial optic neurotomy is better than the natural course in eyes with CRVO, with vision <6/60. Keywords: Central retinal vein occlusion, Radial optic neurotomy, Relative afferent pupillary defect, Optical coherence tomography, Optic disc
How to cite this article:
Nagpal M, Nagpal K, Bhatt C, Nagpal PN. Role of Early Radial Optic Neurotomy in Central Retinal Vein Occlusion. Indian J Ophthalmol 2005;53:115-20 |
Retinal vein occlusions are complex, multi-factorial disease phenomena. Amalgamation of predisposing and precipitating risk factors, both systemic (i.e. arterial hypertension) and local (i.e. increased arterial diameter, connective tissue and collagen changes in the scleral ring, presence of anatomical anomalies, increased turbulence, endothelial damage, etc) in critical numbers and/or intensity may lead to the final catastrophic event of central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). [1] Nonischaemic CRVO may be due to obstruction of the central retinal vein (CRV) and ischaemic CRVO, due to obstruction of both the central retinal artery (CRA) and the CRV. [2]
Local factors present in the eye or the vein itself are currently being looked at carefully so as to design a possible surgical care. Histologic studies have localised lamina cribrosa as the site for thrombus formation (as a primary or secondary event) in most or all cases. [3], [4] Opremcak et al [5] hypothesised that the aetio-pathogenesis of CRVO is similar to "compartment syndromes" elsewhere in the body, where pressure within a confined space results in tissue ischaemia. The internal diameter of the optic disk and scleral outlet is 1.5 mm. The optic nerve comprises myelinated optic nerve, CRA and CRV, and as it enters the eye has a diameter of 3 mm. The myelinated nerve fibres lose their myelin sheaths as they pass through the lamina cribrosa. This results in an anatomic "bottleneck" where within a 1.5-mm-diameter area, lie the CRA, CRV and optic nerve. The dense connective tissue of the lamina cribrosa encircling these structures restricts the central retinal vein luminal diameter. [6] Thus, the importance of this site (lamina cribrosa) in pathogenesis and possible surgical treatment for CRVO, has been emphasised. [5], [6] Opremcak et al [5] and Garcia-Arumi et al [7] performed surgical decompression of CRVO by radial optic neurotomy (RON) (in 11 and 14 cases respectively) with resultant reperfusion of retina and a promised stabilisation to improvement in the course of severe CRVO. Lit, et al [6] coined the term lamina puncture for a similar procedure and suggested that it should be recommended in select patients.
The natural history of eyes with CRVO is largely dependent upon the state of ischaemia and visual acuity at initial presentation. The Central Vein Occlusion Study [8], [9] reported that in 6.5% instances with presenting vision better than 20/40, the vision stabilizes. Patients with poor visual acuity at presentation (< 20/200) had an 80% chance of having a visual acuity less than 20/200 at the final visit. In the first 4 months of follow-up, 15% of eyes with perfusion converted to ischaemia. During the next 32 months of follow-up, an additional 19% eyes converted to ischaemia and thus it was 34% after 3 years. The development of nonperfusion or ischaemia was most rapid in the first 4 months and progressed continuously throughout the duration of follow-up. In patients with intermediate vision (20/50 to 20/200), 44% of eyes remained stable while 37% worsened. Moreover, 30% of eyes converted from non-ischaemic to ischaemic CRVO.
In view of the grim natural history of eyes with CRVO with initial vision less than 6/60 and earlier reports of benefits following RON we designed a prospective interventional trial of RON on eyes with CRVO. Our objective was to determine the safety, clinical and visual improvement, and potential complications of this procedure.
| Materials and Methods | |  |
This prospective, uncontrolled, interventional case series included 24 patients with CRVO (within two months from onset), who underwent RON. Inclusion criteria were the presence of relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) of 0.9 log units of neutral density filters and visual acuity of 6/60 or worse (caused by macular oedema and haemorrhages secondary to CRVO). Patients with CRVO and vision of 6/36 or greater were excluded from the study. We excluded eyes with retinal neovascularisation, neovascular glaucoma, areas of capillary non-perfusion on angiography and history of previous laser photocoagulation and vitreous haemorrhage.
Complete medical and ophthalmic history, including age, gender, laterality, duration of symptoms, and risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, open-angle glaucoma, hyperlipidaemia, was recorded. All patients underwent retinoscopy. Best corrected Snellen visual acuity was recorded by the smallest line managed by the patient (one error was allowed). Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement and slitlamp examination of the anterior segment were done. Swinging flashlight test was performed in each case to detect the presence of RAPD, which was then quantified by using neutral density filters. Increasing density of filter was placed before the healthy eye, in conjunction with the swinging flashlight until afferent pupillary defect disappeared or reversed. Fundus examination included indirect ophthalmoscopy and slitlamp biomicroscopy of vitreous and retina. Fundus photography and fluorescein angiography were performed in each case. While the study was continuing, we acquired the optical coherence tomography (OCT) (model 3000; Humphrey Instruments, San Leandro, Calif). Foveal thickness was measured using the OCT in all (six) patients enrolled after this period.
| Operative procedure | | |
After detailed counselling regarding the natural history of the disease and pros and cons of the surgery, informed consent was obtained and patients posted for surgery. All procedures were performed by the same surgeon (MN). Following standard 3-port pars plana vitrectomy, a posterior hyaloid detachment was created using a vitreous cutter in the aspiration mode. A standard micro-vitreoretinal (MVR) blade was used to perform RON. The nasal quadrant of the optic disc was chosen in order to avoid the maculopapillary nerve fibres. The incision was fashioned parallel to the nerve fibres - radial to the optic disc - in order to split apart the nerve fibres, rather than transect them. The tip of the MVR blade was placed at the edge of the optic disk, taking care to avoid all major branches and tributaries of central retinal vessels. The blade was then gently pushed posteriorly into the optic nerve up to the widest diameter of the tip; the depth of penetration was 2.5 mm. The purpose of such a stab was to make a relaxing incision at the level of the cribriform plate and adjacent scleral ring. We placed two such separate stab incisions (the second incision at 90 degrees to the first) in each case. If there was a trickle of blood from the incision, the intraocular pressure was raised to 60 mmHg for a minute to minimise the bleed. The residual blood was aspirated from the vitreous cavity with a flute needle. A soft tipped cannula attached to a flute handle was gently brushed over the retinal surface, overlying the superficial retinal haemorrhages. This resulted in passive aspiration and clearing of blood to some extent. After this, we injected 3-4cc liquid perfluorocarbon (PFCL) over the posterior pole. This was done with the aim of mechanically squeezing oedematous fluid away from the macular area. It was left inside for a period of five minutes and in the meantime we assessed the periphery of the retina and treated any breaks or iatrogenic lesions which were detected. Finally, air-fluid exchange was carried out and the PFCL removed.
Patients were discharged from the hospital after examination the day after the surgery. They were scheduled for postoperative follow-up after a week, a month, three months and six months. At each visit, changes in best-corrected Snellen visual acuity, clinical improvement in terms of decline in macular oedema, decreased or resolved intraretinal haemorrhages, appearance of the disc, its margins, and the veins were studied clinically. Postoperative fundus photographs were obtained and compared with preoperative photographs. Fluorescein angiograms were obtained (at 1 month following surgery). Foveal thickness was measured by OCT (in the last six cases).
| Statistical analysis | | |
Snellen visual acuity was converted into corresponding decimal values, as described elsewhere. [1 0] Nonparametric statistical methods were used to assess results. The relationship between preoperative and postoperative visual acuity and foveal thickness (measured by OCT in 6 eyes) was calculated using the Wilcoxon signed test for paired samples. P<.05 was considered statistically significant.
| Results | | |
The clinical details of 24 consecutive patients (16 males, 8 females) are shown in [Table - 1]. The patient age was 54.1 ± 12.04 years (range: 30-80 years, median: 53). Twelve patients were hypertensive and 5 diabetic. Four (16.67%) patients had both hypertension and diabetes. The average duration of symptoms at the time of surgery was 37.8 ± 15.2 days (range 15-60 days, median: 34.5). The average follow-up was 7.7 ± 2.1 months (range 1-12 months, median: 8). Patient # 6 was lost to follow-up after one month.
Visual outcome [Figure - 1]
Two (8.33%) patients (#2,3) had a reduction in vision by one line each. Patient #3 developed retinal-detachment and despite successful re-attachment, did not regain the pre-RON visual acuity. Two (8.33%) patients (#5,13) maintained the pre-RON visual acuity. Twenty eyes (83.33%) showed an increase in visual acuity by one or more lines. An average improvement of 3 lines was observed in these patients, with a maximum improvement of 5 lines in 4 eyes.
Preoperative visual acuity ranged from 0.017-0.1 (average: 0.061 ± 0.031, median:0.05). Postoperative vision at final follow-up ranged from 0.017-0.667 (average: 0.17 ± 0.14, median:0.17). The difference between the preoperative and postoperative visual acuity levels was statistically significant ( P <0.05).
Clinical outcome
Clinical improvement, ranging from subtle to striking could be seen in all the cases. Important features included a decline in macular oedema, decreased or resolved intraretinal haemorrhages, resolution of the venous dilatation, resolution of disc oedema and clearing up of its margins. Linear scar could be appreciated at the site of neurotomy. No eye developed retinal neovascu-larisation, iris neovascularisation, or neovascular glaucoma post-operatively [Figure 2a] and [Figure 2b].
Fluorescein angiographic (FA) evidence of venous reperfusion
In FA, resolution of macular oedema, disc oedema, venous tortuosity and dilatation and reduction of areas of blocked fluorescence due to haemorrhages could be appreciated. No eye developed areas of capillary non-perfusion or retinal neovascularisation postoperatively [Figure 2c] and [Figure 2d].
Foveal thickness [Table - 2]
Foveal thickness was measured on OCT in the last 6 cases (#19-24). The preoperative foveal thickness ranged from 593 to 1197 µm (average: 834.2 ± 213.65 µm, median: 801 µm), the postoperative thickness ranged from 355 to 641 µm (average: 556.2 ± 107.2 µm, median: 597µm). This change in foveal thickness following the surgery was statistically significant ( P < 0.05) [Figure 2e] and [Figure 2f].
Complications
Four eyes were detected during surgery to have suspicious peripheral lesions, and were treated with cryopexy. Intra-operative ooze of blood at the site of neurotomy occurred in 5 eyes, and was controlled easily by raising the intraocular pressure. One case (patient #3) developed total rhegmatogenous retinal-detachment from 9-1 o'clock, with a horseshoe tear at 11 o'clock in the postoperative period. This patient had a 4-line improvement in visual acuity at first month following the procedure. He developed retinal detachment 2 months following the surgery. The patient received vitrectomy with C3F8 gas injection, followed by repeat vitrectomy with silicon oil injection for retinal re-attachment. At final follow-up, one year after RON, he had a vision of 1/60, one line worse than his initial vision. Other than this case, we did not see any other major complications.
| Discussion | | |
The natural course of CRVO, in eyes presenting with vision less than 6/60, is frustrating - both for the patient and the surgeon. Laser treatment is often inadequate. Pan-retinal laser photocoagulation appears effective only in managing neovascular complications, while grid macular laser decreases macular oedema without changing the final vision. [1 1] Chorio-retinal anastomosis using high intensity laser photocoagulation [1 2]- [1 5] has been found useful in 30% cases, but with a high rate of complication such as haemorrhages, branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), fibrosis, traction and retinal detachment.
The need for effectual remedial options for CRVO has been driving the development of novel surgical methods. Fekrat and de Juan [1 6] describe an eye with CRVO that developed chorioretinal anastomoses following transvitreal venipuncture at the larger second and third order retinal vessels in eyes with ischaemic CRVO. Thrombolytic agents have been used for pharmacological dissolution of thrombus at the level of the lamina cribrosa. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator was either injected into the vitreous cavity [1 7], [1 8] or cannulated into a retinal vein. [1 9], [2 0] Moderate improvement without significant adverse effects was reported. [1 8] Although capable of restoring blood flow, such treatment does not relieve the constriction of CRV at lamina cribrosa. On the contrary, endothelial cell proliferation due to venipuncture may further limit lumen size. However, it may be of interest to explore the combination of local delivery of a thrombolytic agent along with lamina puncture, as both are different approaches to the same pathophysiologic dysfunction. [6]
In order to relieve the constriction, the sclera surrounding the optic nerve was initially incised externally. [2 1]- [2 3] However, lamina cribrosa, the most common site for thrombus formation [3], [4] is most easily and directly approached through the internal route. [5]- [7]
Our operative procedure is similar to that described by Opremcak et al . [5] However, since the procedure is essentially blind, with no visible end point, we elected to put two incisions in order to increase the chances of success. A soft-tipped cannula attached to a flute handle was then gently brushed over the retinal surface, overlying the superficial retinal haemorrhages. This resulted in passive aspiration and clearing of blood to some extent. Furthermore, we used PFCL injection over the posterior pole for a period of five minutes at the completion of the surgery to mechanically squeeze out oedematous fluid from the macula.
In our series, 2 (8.33%) patients maintained the pre-RON visual acuity, while 20 eyes (83.33%) showed an increase in visual acuity by one or more lines. These results are slightly better than those of Opremcak et al , [5] who have reported equal or better postoperative visual acuity in 82% patients and improvement in 73%. This difference could be due to our strict inclusion criteria of CRVO less than two months' duration, and exclusion of eyes with retinal neovascularisation, neovascular glaucoma, areas of capillary non-perfusion on angiography and history of previous laser photocoagulation and vitreous haemorrhage. Contrary to reports by Opermcak et al [5] (improvement of 5 lines), our patients improved an average of 3 lines; this was similar to the reports of Garcia-Arumi, et al . [7] In our case results were better than the natural history of CRVO. [8]
Varying but definite clinical improvement findings such as decline in macular oedema, decreased or resolved intraretinal haemorrhages, have been observed by us and previous authors. [5], [7] In our cases, no eye developed retinal neovascularisation, iris neovascularisation, or neovascular glaucoma postoperatively, unlike the high risk of developing ischaemic CRVO in the natural course in these cases. [8]
Our modified RON procedure may possibly work by a combination of different mechanisms, as discussed below.
1. Relief of mechanical pressure exerted on the central retinal vein by the distended optic nerve. [5] This is known to improve the retinal blood flow.
2. Vitrectomy and posterior hyaloid peeling have been shown experimentally to decrease macular oedema, most probably by enhancing the exchange between the retina and the vitreous cavity. [2 4]- [2 6]
3. Passive aspiration of retinal haemorrhages and mechanical pressure and squeezing effect of PFCL.
Garcia-Arumi et al [7] noted new chorioretinal shunt vessels in 6 of 14 patients at the site of the radial optic neurotomy, creating a new pathway of venous outflow. They suggested that collaterals formed after neurotomy were more active in draining the oedema and haemorrhages than those achieved after application of argon laser. We could not document development of such chorioretinal shunt vessels in the postoperative angiograms.
The visual fields were not assessed in our patients. This was a limitation of our study though Opremcak et al [27] did not observe any postoperative visual field defects from the radial incision on the nasal side of the optic nerve.
In conclusion, RON surgery for CRVO in eyes with vision <6/60 seems beneficial, particularly in view of the dismal natural course in these cases. Developments in techniques and technology will increase the margin of safety and efficacy of this procedure. Due significance should be given to the fact that the optic nerve-head, a very delicate and crucial structure of the eye is being dealt with surgically. Potentially severe complications, such as laceration of major vessels, optic nerve haematoma and damage and globe perforation should always be kept in mind
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[Figure - 1], [Figure - 2], [Figure - 3], [Figure - 4], [Figure - 5], [Figure - 6], [Figure - 7]
[Table - 1], [Table - 2]
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