• Users Online: 49900
  • Home
  • Print this page
  • Email this page

   Table of Contents      
CURRENT OPHTHALMOLOGY
Year : 2007  |  Volume : 55  |  Issue : 4  |  Page : 251-260

Amniotic membrane transplantation: A review of current indications in the management of ophthalmic disorders


1 Cornea and Anterior Segment Services, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, India
2 Cornea and Anterior Segment Services, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, India; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
3 Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
4 Orbit, Oculoplastic and Ocular oncology service, LVPEI, Hyderabad, India; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK

Date of Submission20-Dec-2004
Date of Acceptance24-Feb-2007

Correspondence Address:
Virender S Sangwan
LV Prasad Eye Institute, LV Prasad Marg, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad - 500 034, India

Login to access the Email id

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.33036

Rights and Permissions
  Abstract 

Amniotic membrane transplantation is currently being used for a continuously widening spectrum of ophthalmic indications. It has gained widespread attention as an effective method of reconstruction of the ocular surface. Amniotic membrane has a unique combination of properties, including the facilitation of migration of epithelial cells, the reinforcement of basal cellular adhesion and the encouragement of epithelial differentiation. Its ability to modulate stromal scarring and its anti-inflammatory activity has led to its use in the treatment of ocular surface pathology as well as an adjunct to limbal stem cell grafts. Amniotic membrane transplantation has been used for reconstruction of the corneal surface in the setting of persistent epithelial defects, partial limbal stem cell deficiency, bullous keratopathy and corneoscleral ulcers. It has also been used in conjunction with limbal stem cell transplantation for total limbal stem cell deficiency. Amniotic membrane grafts have been effectively used as a conjunctival substitute for reconstruction of conjunctival defects following removal of pterygia, conjunctival lesions and symblephara. More recently, amniotic membrane has been used as a substrate for ex vivo cultivation of limbal, corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells. This article reviews the current literature on the applications of amniotic membrane transplantation and its outcome in various ophthalmic conditions.

Keywords: Amniotic membrane graft, ocular surface disorders


How to cite this article:
Sangwan VS, Burman S, Tejwani S, Mahesh SP, Murthy R. Amniotic membrane transplantation: A review of current indications in the management of ophthalmic disorders. Indian J Ophthalmol 2007;55:251-60

How to cite this URL:
Sangwan VS, Burman S, Tejwani S, Mahesh SP, Murthy R. Amniotic membrane transplantation: A review of current indications in the management of ophthalmic disorders. Indian J Ophthalmol [serial online] 2007 [cited 2024 Mar 28];55:251-60. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/ijo/pages/default.aspx/text.asp?2007/55/4/251/33036

Amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) has been reportedly used for a variety of ocular surface problems including persistent corneal epithelial defects (PED), shield ulcer of vernal keratoconjunctivitis, partial limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) and conjunctival defects following excision of surface tumors and pterygia. [1] Significant progress has been made in ocular surface reconstruction procedures and understanding limbal stem cell disease. The strategies of managing limbal deficiency include cadaveric or living related limbal transplantation in bilateral LSCD; simple debridement, AMT and allotransplantation for unilateral LSCD. [2] The latest approach to limbal stem cell transplantation is based on cultivation of limbal stem cells on denuded amniotic membrane (AM). [3] Preserved human amnion has been successfully used as a biological bandage, promoter of epithelialization, inhibitor of inflammation and angiogenesis, as well as a carrier for ex vivo cultured limbal stem cells. However, there remains a lack of evidence that AMT is better than the existing treatment modalities for the various clinical conditions described herein. The purpose of this review is to present a summary of current ophthalmic indications and outcome for AMT.


  Scientific Basis of Clinical Application Top


The human AM is the innermost layer of the placenta. Histologically the amnion is a 0.02 mm to 0.5 mm five-layered membrane, composed of three basic layers.

  • Epithelial monolayer
  • Thick basement membrane
  • Avascular, hypocellular stromal matrix


The epithelium consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells with a large number of microvilli on the apical surface. The basement membrane is a thin layer composed of a network of reticular fibers. Histochemically the basement membrane closely resembles that of the conjunctiva. [4] The compact layer contributes to the tensile strength of the membrane. The fibroblast layer is the thickest layer of the AM made up of a loose fibroblast network. The outermost layer of the amnion is the spongy layer.

The basement membrane is one of the thickest membranes found in human tissue. This layer is resistant to current cryopreservation techniques. The structural integrity, transparency and elasticity of the amniotic basement membrane makes it currently the most widely accepted tissue replacement for ocular surface reconstruction. It is known to promote epithelial cell migration, adhesion and differentiation. It is an ideal substrate for supporting the growth of epithelial progenitor cells by prolonging their lifespan, maintaining their clonigenicity and preventing epithelial cell apoptosis. [5] This action explains why AMT facilitates epithelialization for PED with stromal ulceration. [6] In tissue cultures AM supports epithelial cells grown from explant cultures and maintains their normal morphology and differentiation. The resultant cultured epithelium can be transplanted with the AM to reconstruct damaged corneas. [7] The AM can be used to promote non-goblet cell differentiation of the conjunctival epithelium. [8]

The basement membrane of the AM, cornea and conjunctiva contain collagen types IV, V and VII, in addition to fibronectin and laminin. [4] Though the laminins are very effective in facilitating corneal epithelial cell adhesion Type V collagen helps in the epithelial cell anchorage to the stroma. [9]

AM produces basic fibroblast, hepatocyte and transforming growth factor (TGF). These growth factors can stimulate epithelialization and modulate proliferation and differentiation of stromal fibroblasts. [10]

The AM stromal matrix, rich in fetal hyaluronic acid suppresses TGF B signaling, proliferation and myofibroblastic differentiation of normal corneal and limbal fibroblasts as well as normal conjunctival and pterygium fibroblasts. [11] This action explains why AMT helps reduce scars during conjunctival surface reconstruction, prevents recurrent scarring after pterygium removal and reduces corneal haze following photorefractive keratectomy. The stromal matrix also suppresses expression of certain inflammatory cytokines that originate from the ocular surface epithelia, including interleukin 1a, IL -2, IL-8, interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor-β, basic fibroblast growth factor and platelet derived growth factor. [12] The AM attracts and sequesters inflammatory cells infiltrating the ocular surface and contains various forms of protease inhibitors. [13] This may explain some of its anti-inflammatory properties.

Aminotic membrane graft (AMG) procurement, processing and preservation

Amniotic membrane is obtained from prospective donors undergoing Caesarean section, who are negative for communicable diseases including HIV, hepatitis and syphilis. Different protocols exist for the processing and storage. [14],[15] According to Kim et al . [15] the placenta is cleaned with balanced salt solution containing a cocktail of antibiotics (50 mg/ml penicillin, 50 µg/ml streptomycin, 100 mg/ml of neomycin as well as 2.5 mg/ml of amphotericin B) under sterile conditions. The amnion is separated from the chorion by blunt dissection. The separated membranes are cut in different sizes placed on nitrocellulose paper strips with the epithelial side up. Dulbecco Modified Eagles Medium/glycerol (1:1) is used for cryopreservation and the tissues are frozen at -80 degrees until further use. [16],[17],[18],[19] Amnion stored in 50-85% glycerol is reliable and effective for over a year, with the added advantage of antibacterial properties. [20] Human AM deprived of amniotic epithelial cells by incubation with EDTA when freeze dried, vacuum packed and sterilized with gamma-irradiation at 25kGy retained most of the physical, biological and morphologic characteristics of cryopreserved AM. [21] Lyophilized AMs were found to be impermeable to different strains of bacteria - Bacillus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, Citrobacter, Flavimonas and Staphylococcus . The results indicate that AMs processed by air-drying are stable and can be stored under different environmental conditions without compromising their clinical performance. [22]

Fresh versus preserved AM

Both fresh and preserved AM have been found to function equally well when transplanted onto the ocular surface. [23] However, there are certain concerns when using fresh AM. Ideally, serologic tests on the maternal donor must be done both at the time of procurement of the donor tissue and again six months later. This dual testing eliminates the slightest risk of disease transmission. With the fresh AM the time interval from tissue procurement to transplantation is short and prevents repeat testing of the donor. Patients have to be brought to the hospital at a short notice unlike with preserved AM, which allows more flexibility in scheduling surgery. [23] A distinct disadvantage is wastage of unused tissue with non-preserved AM as opposed to frozen AM where up to 30 grafts can be prepared from one placenta.

The epithelial cells in fresh or preserved AMG are nonviable. The viability of amniotic epithelial cells may be associated with low-grade inflammatory response. [19] The drawback with the preserved AM is the need for a -70 o refrigerator, which precludes its use outside big institutions.

Principles of surgery

The main objectives of AMT are ocular surface reconstruction, promotion of epithelialization, providing symptomatic relief and reducing inflammation. There are three basic principles upon which the final technique is individualized.

Inlay or graft technique : When the AMG is tailored to the size of the defect and is meant to act as a scaffold for the epithelial cells, which then merges with the host tissue, it is referred to as a graft. [24] The AM is secured with its basement membrane or epithelial side up to allow migration of the surrounding epithelial cells on the membrane.

Overlay or patch technique : When the AM is used akin to a biological contact lens in order to protect the healing surface defect beneath, it is referred to as a patch. [25],[26] A patch also reduces inflammation by its barrier effect against the chemical mediators from the tear film. When used as patch the membrane is secured with its epithelial side up and it either falls off or is removed.

Filling-in or layered technique : In this technique the entire depth of an ulcer crater is filled with small pieces of AM trimmed to the size of the defect. [27] A larger graft is sutured to the edges of the defect in an inlay fashion and an additional patch may help in preserving the deeper layers for a longer duration. [28]

AMG orientation

The preferred surgical orientation of the AM on the ocular surface is with the epithelial side up. The stromal surface can be identified by the presence of vitreous-like strands that can be raised with a sponge. Hu et al . [29] elaborated that AM stains with indocyanine green, rose bengal, trypan blue and lissamine green B. The dyes stain both the epithelial and stromal surfaces and may be useful in identifying the edges and wrinkles in the graft. Intraoperative staining with lissamine green B may be a simple and effective way to assist surgeons in the proper handling of AM, while fluorescein staining has no role. [29]


  Surgical Technique Top


Corneal surface reconstruction

Non-absorbable sutures are used to anchor AMGs to the cornea. A single sheet of AM may be applied as an inlay graft or overlay patch and anchored to the superficial cornea with multiple interrupted 10-0 nylon monofilament sutures. A Weckcel sponge or blade is used to remove all cellular debris or exudates from the base of the defect in case of PEDs, shield ulcers and ulcerative keratitis. Loose epithelium surrounding an epithelial defect or over an area of bullous keratopathy is debrided using a fine forceps and a straight crescent blade [Figure - 1],[Figure - 2]. The size of the graft should be at least 1 mm larger than the defect. The sutures must be placed circumferentially or parallel to the cut edge of the graft in an interrupted or continuous manner. The suture knots must be cut short and knots buried in corneal tissue.

If AM is used to fill in deep corneal ulcers, descemetoceles or perforations, a multilayered approach is preferred. Small pieces of AM may be layered into the defect or a single sheet may be folded on itself twice (blanket fold). In either case a larger patch is anchored over the entire defect in an overlay fashion as shown in [Figure - 3],[Figure - 4].

Conjunctival surface reconstruction

Vicryl sutures are used to anchor AM to the conjunctiva. Given the rapid healing ability of the conjunctiva, 8-0 or, 9-0 or 10-0 vicryl may be used for this purpose. The essence of the surgical technique in each of the indications is adequate dissection and removal of pathological subconjunctival tissue.

In order to anchor a sheet of AM to the fornix two sets of double armed 4-0 chromic gut sutures on a cutting needle may be used. The needles are passed from the AM surface through the inferior fornix, via the full-thickness of the eyelid and exit through the eyelid skin. The two needles of each of the two sets of sutures are passed through two segments of an encircling band and then tied. [30]

Ocular surface reconstruction

Extensive ocular surface damage seen in severe grades of chemical injury, Stevens Johnson syndrome (SJS) and ocular cicatricial pemphigoid warrants sequential surface reconstruction. It is important to ensure that all fibrotic tissue is meticulously dissected and removed from the corneal and conjunctival surfaces. The AMG must be a continuous sheet devoid of buttonholes. The lower lid is everted with a large chalazion clamp. A large sheet of AM is placed on the ocular surface and it is first anchored to the inner surface of the everted lower lid close to the lid margin using multiple interrupted 10-0 vicryl sutures. The anchorage to the inferior fornix is as described above. A continuous encircling 10-0 nylon suture is used to anchor the membrane at the limbus or the peripheral 360 o cornea. In addition, multiple interrupted vicryl sutures are placed to attach the membrane to the inner lid surface, beyond the inferior fornix and onto the bulbar conjunctiva [Figure - 5],[Figure - 6].

Indications of AMT in ocular surgery

Conjunctival surface reconstruction

Pterygium surgery

Chemical burns

Cicatrizing conjunctivitis

Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN)

Leaking blebs

Filtering surgery

Symblepharon release

Fornix formation

Socket reconstruction

Conjunctivochalasis

Entropion correction

Corneal surface reconstruction

PEDs

Non-healing stromal ulcers

Partial LSCD

Total LSCD

Bullous keratopathy

Band keratopathy

Scleral melt

Substrate for ex vivo expansion of limbal stem cells

Outcome of AMT

Cicatrizing conjunctivitis

In SJS, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid and toxic epidermal necrolysis, immune-mediated inflammation must be controlled prior to surgery. John et al. first reported the beneficial effects of AMT in the acute stage of toxic epidermal necrosis. [31] Honavar et al. evaluated the role of AMT as a preliminary step in the sequential management of SJS. [32] Creditable improvements in the ocular surface were measured in terms of greater patient comfort, reduced surface inflammation, decrease in the severity of vascularization and absence of recurrent corneal erosions.

In 9/10 patients there was a significant improvement in the ocular surface with deepening of fornices. Barabino et al. noted a slight deterioration in the clinical effects with time owing to the ongoing surface inflammation [33] and deep-seated conjunctival [34] injury.

Chemical and thermal injury

Joseph et al. reported that AMT was not found to be useful in the restoration of the ocular surface in Grade IV burns. [35] In very severe ocular burns involving 360 o of the limbus and entire conjunctiva there is probably a total loss of epithelial stem cells, leaving little resource for the amnion to allow regeneration. Although AMT in eyes with acute ocular burns has advantages in terms of pain relief and rapid epithelialization in moderate grade burns, no definite benefit of AMT over medical therapy alone has been reported with respect to severe ocular burns. [36] This contrasts with the series in which Meller et al . performed AMT within two weeks after injury in 13 eyes and concluded that AMT is effective in promoting re-epithelialization and reducing inflammation in the acute stage of chemical injury, thereby preventing scarring sequelae in the late stages. [37] Performing AMT during the first 7-10 days following acute burns maximizes the effects of the treatment. Associated lid deformities, symblephara and conjunctival foreshortening complicate management of chemical injury in the late stages. AMT alone gives satisfactory results in partial LSCD [Figure - 7],[Figure - 8],[Figure - 9]. In total LSCD it may be used as an adjunct to limbal stem cell transplantation.

Bullous keratopathy

Results of AMT for bullous keratopathy have been rather conflicting. Its efficacy has been studied in the palliative management of symptomatic bullous keratopathy with poor visual potential. [38],[39],[40] AMT may also be performed as a temporary measure in patients waiting for corneal transplantation and intolerant to bandage contact lens (BCL). However, long-term relief from AMT needs to be studied and compared with other modalities

Conjunctival tumors and OSSN'S

Amniotic membrane transplantation has been reported to be successful in conjunctival surface reconstruction after excision of benign as well as malignant tumors such as conjunctival melanomas, lymphomas and OSSN. When used as a graft to cover the conjunctival wound it provides a substrate for the migration of conjunctival epithelial cells. Surface lesions are particularly challenging when they arise multifocally or extend over large areas and warrant an extensive conjunctivectomy [Figure - 10] and [Figure - 11]. The advantages of AMT over conjunctival autografts and mucous membrane grafts in this scenario, include superior postoperative cosmesis, absence of donor site morbidity complicating the harvest of mucosal and conjunctival autografts (CAG) and the ability to clinically monitor local recurrence of tumor beneath the transparent AMG. [41] Combined therapeutic approaches consisting of extensive tumor removal, cryotherapy, topical mitomycin C and AM allograft can be effective in the management of diffuse conjunctival melanomas arising from primary acquired melanosis (PAM). [42],[43] Successful treatment of complex choristoma by excision and AMT was reported by Sangwan et al . [44]

PED

PED signify varying degrees of LSCD and chronic inflammation. AM serves to provide a basement membrane substrate for the migration and adhesion of epithelial cells when used as an inlay graft. When used as an overlay patch [Figure - 12],[Figure - 13] it facilitates epithelialization in a fashion akin to a BCL and by providing a barrier against inflammatory cells and mediators. The AM, being continuously moistened by tears, provides adequate hydration to the regenerating epithelium and protects it from the abrasive effect of an abnormal palpebral conjunctiva. [45]

Amniotic membrane transplantation may be considered an alternative method for treating PEDs that are refractory to conventional treatment such as lubrication, elimination of toxic drugs, BCL and punctal occlusion. Although results have been promising in the epithelialization of PEDs from various causes, early detachment of the patch remains a major problem despite the use of multiple sutures or a protective BCL. [46]

Pterygium surgery

Pterygium excision with a CAG has gained worldwide acceptance as the most favorable technique as it has proven to be both safe and effective in reducing pterygium recurrence. The benefits of using AMT in pterygium surgery were first reported by Prabhasawat et al . [47] They reported a recurrence rate of 10.9% for primary pterygium following excision with AMT in a prospective study, which was further reduced to 3% by modifying the surgical technique. They concluded that AM could serve as a useful alternative to conjunctival grafts when there exists a very large conjunctival defect to cover in primary double-headed pterygium, in previous multiple failed surgeries or in the context of preserving superior bulbar conjunctiva for future glaucoma surgeries.

Earlier reports on the use of AMG for recurrent pterygia, showed unsatisfactory results, with reported recurrence rates of 37.5% and 25% respectively. [47] Following primary and recurrent unilateral pterygium excision respectively, recurrences were noted in 46 (19.4%) and one (33.3%) eyes after bare sclera technique, in five (16.7%) and 0 after primary closure, in 28 (26.7%) and 0 with AMG, in 42 (12.2%) and five (31.3%) with CAG and in nine (17.3%) and two (40%) with conjunctival limbal autograft (CLAG) [Figure - 14],[Figure - 15]. [48] Solomon et al . reported in a non-comparative study that double-layered AMG combined with the intraoperative injection of triamcinolone significantly reduced the recurrence rates to 3% for primary and 9.5% for recurrent pterygia, a result that is comparable with that after CAG. [49] Results of AMT as a first line measure for recurrent pterygia have been less favorable in comparison to CAG. A recurrence rate of 37.5% was documented following excision with AMT, which was considerably higher than the 9.1% obtained with CAG. [50] Combining AMT with CLAG may be employed in the management of recurrent pterygia [Figure - 16],[Figure - 17]. A combined approach including pterygium excision, AMT, CLAG and application of mitomycin C was reported to be beneficial in the management of chronically recurring pterygium in young patients. [51]

Recently, a larger study (47 versus 48 eyes) with a longer follow-up, found that single-layered AMG alone reduced the recurrence rate to 12.5%. The addition of intraoperative mitomycin C did not further reduce the recurrence rate. [50]

Shield ulcers of vernal keratoconjunctivitis

Severe shield ulcers that do not respond to surgical debridement and BCL may be eradicated with superficial keratectomy or excimer photo therapeutic keratectomy (PTK).

Amniotic membrane transplantation combined with surgical debridement is an effective alternative modality in the management of these ulcers. [52] The renewed basement membrane promotes epithelialization, reinforces cellular adhesion and prevents epithelial apoptosis.

The surgical procedure involves complete debridement of the mucous plaque and cellular debris from the ulcer base and edge. The surrounding loose epithelium is gently peeled off until normal adherent epithelium is reached. The AMG is tailored to be a millimeter larger than the defect and sutured with 10-0 nylon interrupted sutures. Using this technique Sridhar et al . [52] achieved a success rate of 94.7% with shield ulcers [Figure - 18],[Figure - 19].

Ulcerative keratitis

Although performed in an uncontrolled and non-randomized series of patients, studies indicate that AMT shows promise in selected cases for the restoration of the ocular surface and reduction of stromal inflammation in ulcerative keratitis. Amniotic membrane transplantation can be considered an effective alternative for treating persistent neurotrophic ulcers, non-traumatic corneal perforations and descemetoceles. [53],[54] It can serve as a permanent therapy or as a temporizing measure until the inflammation has subsided and a definitive reconstructive procedure can be performed. Being a relatively simple procedure without risks of allograft rejection it could be particularly useful when faced with shortage of donor corneas. Chen et al . performed AMT after treatment of Pseudomonas keratitis with fortified antibiotics for at least one week. In 5/6 cases, after AMT it was noted that the progression of the lesions and stromal loss was limited. [55] In a series of seven patients with herpes simplex virus or varicella zoster-induced severe ulcerative keratitis, 5/7 eyes healed after the first AMT. [56] The stromal defect was filled up with multiple layers of AM. In eyes with deep corneal ulcers multilayer technique proved to be better than monolayer procedure. [27],[28],[57] More recently Hick et al . demonstrated the advantages of fibrin glue in association with AMT in the management of perforations of up to 3 mm in diameter. The combination had a success rate of 92% in perforated ulcers compared to 74% in non-perforated eyes with AMT alone. [58]

Lid and orbital surgery

There are limited reports on the application of AMT in oculoplastic procedures. Ti et al . evaluated the role of AM in the correction of cicatricial entropion. [59] Park et al . successfully managed a patient with cicatricial entropion due to SJS using autologous allogeneic AM, in an attempt to reduce disease transmission. [60] It has also been applied as a punctal patch for punctal occlusion in the treatment of dry eyes. [61] Amniotic membrane has been used as a cover for orbital prostheses and successfully used for the closure of a conjunctival defect following hydroxyapatite orbital implant exposure. [62] Stewart et al . successfully used AM for reconstruction of the upper lid and the fornix in cryptropthalmos. [63] Due to its beneficial effect in facilitating rapid epithelialization it appears to be a promising substitute to conventional grafts like mucous membrane grafts.

Postoperative management

A broad-spectrum topical antibiotic is used for one to two weeks initially, until the epithelium heals. Topical steroids are used for six to eight weeks in tapering doses to reduce surface inflammation. Systemic immunosuppression is not required. [64]

Complications of AMT

In the immediate postoperative period one may come across hematoma formation under the membrane. [65] The blood usually absorbs or may need drainage, by making a small opening in the graft, if excessive. Premature degradation of the membrane and cheese wiring may need frequent repeat transplantations. Occasionally, a residual subepithelial membrane may persist in some cases and inadvertently opacify the visual axis.

The incidence of post -AMT microbial infections is as low as 1.6%. [66] This value is much lower than the 8% reported with use of fresh AM. Gram-positive organisms are the most frequent isolates. [67] Gabler et al . reported a case of sterile hypopyon after repeated AMT. [68]

Calcification occurs in about 12.8% of cases. [69] White plaques have been attributed to ciprofloxacin therapy. [25] The key to reducing postoperative complications is meticulous selection of both donor and recipient and maintaining high standards of quality assurance.

Ex vivo expansion of epithelial cells on the AM

One of the newer and exciting applications of AM has been its use as a carrier for cultured limbal cells for ocular surface reconstruction procedures. [3] It is now accepted that the surface epithelium regenerates from progenitor stem cells located at the limbus (cornea) or fornices (conjunctiva), from which new cells migrate and differentiate into daughter cells. [70]

An alternative therapeutic strategy that has been in vogue recently is the concept of expanding limbal epithelial cells in vitro using AM as a carrier or substrate. Schwab et al . earlier showed with similar technique of cultured limbal transplantation in 19 eyes (18 patients) 75% success with ocular surface destruction with no complications. [71] Expanding corneal epithelial cells from limbal biopsies ex vivo for use in ocular surface damage offers many significant advantages. One of them being only a small amount of limbal tissue is harvested from the uninvolved eye. Conventional limbal allografts require up to 12-clock hrs of limbal tissue and have the potential risk for limbal deficiency developing in the donor eye. Several studies reported excellent outcome of transplantation of cultivated limbal stem cell on denuded AM for LSCD. [72],[73],[74]

Amniotic membrane as a carrier in this instance has several distinct advantages over the other substrates that have been used. The basement membrane of AM contains Type IV collagen and laminin which plays an important role in cell adhesion. [75] Further, it acts as a natural substrate for the cell growth and when transplanted gets integrated onto the corneal surface. It also enables easier handling during transplantation. Tseng et al . proposed that culturing the explants on an intact AM with devitalized epithelium favors expansion of an epithelial phenotype that closely resembles limbal stem cells.


  Conclusion Top


The success of AMT is dependent on the underlying condition and given the sub-optimal results in some indications, stringent case selection is recommended. The spectrum of clinical indications continues to expand and encompass a varying range of ocular surface pathology. [76]

It is now evident that AMT has certainly gained an acceptable position in the surgical armamentarium of the ocular surface surgeon. The relative ease of the procedure, repeatability and freedom from intraocular intervention makes it an attractive surgical option. The low rate of intraoperative and postoperative complications and the avoidance of immunosuppression are other advantageous features of this procedure.

The future of AMT looks promising and seems like it is here to stay in the management of ocular surface disorders. With continued technological advancements in tissue processing, newer preserved forms such as the low-heat dehydrated AM are being made commercially available. Sutureless applications with fibrin glue have been aimed at making the procedure easier and more comfortable for the patient. [77]

Further non-surgical innovations such as AMX and Prokera have made access to amnion easier than ever before. AMX is a topical application of AM extracts, currently available for use in Europe. Tseng et al . have devised Prokera, which comprises AM attached to a soft contact lens-sized conformer for easy insertion. The utility of AM in healing ocular surface defects is unquestionable. However, there is still a lack of evidence based on randomized controlled studies to prove the benefits of AMT compared to other alternative modalities of treatment. [78]

 
  References Top

1.
Fernandes M, Sridhar MS, Sangwan VS, Rao GN. Amniotic membrane transplantation for ocular surface reconstruction. Cornea 2005;24:643-53.   Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Sangwan VS, Tseng SC. New perspectives in ocular surface disorders. An integrated approach for diagnosis and management. Indian J Ophthalmol 2001;49:153-68.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Pellegrini G, Traverso CE, Franzi AT, Zingirian M, Cancedda R, De Luca M. Long-term restoration of damaged corneal surfaces with autologous cultivated corneal epithelium. Lancet 1997;349:990-3.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Fukuda K, Chikama T, Nakamura M, Nishida T. Differential distribution of sub-chains of the basement membrane components type IV collagen and laminin among the amniotic membrane, cornea and conunctiva. Cornea 1999;18:73-9.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Grueterich M, Tseng SC. Human limbal progenitor cells expanded on intact amniotic membrane ex-vivo . Arch Ophthalmol 2002;120:783-90.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Lee SH, Tseng CG. Amniotic membrane transplantation for persistent epithelial defects with ulceration. Am J Ophthalmol 1997;123:303-12.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Tsai RJ. Corneal surface reconstruction by amniotic membrane with cultivated autologus limbo-corneal epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998;39:S429.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
Meller D, Tseng SC. Conjunctival epithelial cell differentiation on amniotic membrane. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999;40:878-86.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Modesti A, Kalebic T, Scarpa S, Togo S, Grotendorst G, Liotta LA, et al . Type V collagen in human amnion is a 12 nm fibrillar component of the pericellular interstitium. Eur J Cell Biol 1984;35:246-55.   Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Sato H, Shimazaki J, Shinozaki N. Role of growth factors for ocular surface reconstruction after amniotic membrane transplantation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998;39:S428.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Lee SB, Li DQ, Tan DT, Meller DC, Tseng SC. Suppression of TGF  signalling in both normal conjunctival fibroblasts and pteryigial body fibroblasts by amniotic membrane. Curr Eye Res 2000;20:325-34.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.
Solomon A, Rosenblatt M, Monroy D, Ji Z, Pflugfelder SC, Tseng SC. Suppression of Interleukin 1 alpha and Interleukin 1 beta in the human limbal epithelial cells cultured on the amniotic membrane stromal matrix. Br J Ophthalmol 2001;85:444-9.  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.
Shimmura S, Shimazaki J, Ohashi Y, Tsubota K. Antiinflammatory effects of amniotic membrane transplantation in ocular surface disorders. Cornea 2001;20:408-13.  Back to cited text no. 13
    
14.
Shimazaki J, Yang HY, Tsubota K. Amniotic membrane transplantation for ocular surface reconstruction in patients with chemical and thermal burns. Ophthalmology 1997;104:2068-76.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.
Kim JC, Tseng SC. Transplantation of preserved human amniotic membrane for surface reconstruction in severely damaged rabbit corneas. Cornea 1995;14:473-84.  Back to cited text no. 15
    
16.
Burgos H, Sergeant RJ. Lyophilised amniotic membranes used in reconstruction of the ear. J R Soc Med 1983;76:433.  Back to cited text no. 16
    
17.
Muralidharan S, Gu J, Laub GW, Cichon R, Daloisio C, McGrath LB. A new biological membrane for pericardial closure. J Biomed Mater Res 1991;25:1201-9.  Back to cited text no. 17
    
18.
Martinez Pardo ME, Reyes Frias ML, Ramos Duron LE, Gutierrez Salgado E, Gomez JC, Marin MA, et al . Clinical application of amniotic membranes on a patient with epidermolysis bullosa. Ann Transplant 1999;4:68-73.  Back to cited text no. 18
    
19.
Kruse FE, Joussen AM, Rohrschneider K, You L, Sinn B, Baumann J, et al . Cryopreserved human amniotic membrane for ocular surface reconstruction. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2000;238:68-75.  Back to cited text no. 19
    
20.
Maral T, Borman H, Arslan H, Demirhan B, Akinbingol G, Haberal M. Effectiveness of human amnion preserved long-term in glycerol as a temporary biological dressing. Burns 1999;25:625-35.  Back to cited text no. 20
    
21.
Nakamura T, Yoshitani M, Rigby H, Fullwood NJ, Ito W, Inatomi T, et al . Sterilized, freeze-dried amniotic membrane: A useful substrate for ocular surface reconstruction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004;45:93-9.  Back to cited text no. 21
    
22.
Singh R, Gupta P, Kumar P, Kumar A, Chacharkar MP. Properties of air dried radiation processed amniotic membranes under different storage conditions. Cell Tissue Bank 2003;4:95-100.  Back to cited text no. 22
    
23.
Adds PJ, Hunt CJ, Dart JK. Amniotic membrane grafts, "fresh" or frozen? A clinical and in vitro comparison. Br J Ophthalmol 2001;85:905-7.  Back to cited text no. 23
    
24.
Sippel KC, Ma JJ, Foster CS. Amniotic membrane surgery. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2001;12:269-81.  Back to cited text no. 24
    
25.
Azuara-Blanco A, Pillai CT, Dua HS. Amniotic membrane transplantation for ocular surface reconstruction. Br J Ophthalmol 1999;83:300-402.  Back to cited text no. 25
    
26.
Letko E, Stechschulte SU, Kenyon KR, Sadeq N, Romero TR, Samson CM, et al . Amniotic membrane inlay and overlay grafting for corneal epithelial defects and stromal ulcers. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:659-63.  Back to cited text no. 26
    
27.
Kruse FE, Rohrschneider K, Volcker HE. Multilayer layer amniotic membrane transplantation for reconstruction deep corneal ulcers. Ophthalmology 1999;106:1504-11.  Back to cited text no. 27
    
28.
Hanada K, Shimazaki J, Shimmura S, Tsubota K. Multilayered amniotic membrane transplantation for severe ulceration of the cornea and sclera. Am J Ophthalmol 2001;131:324-31.  Back to cited text no. 28
    
29.
Hu DJ, Basti S, Bryar PJ. Staining characteristics of preserved human amniotic membrane. Cornea 2003;22:37-40.  Back to cited text no. 29
    
30.
John T. Human amniotic membrane transplantation: Past, present and future. Ophthalmol Clin North Am 2003;16:43-65.  Back to cited text no. 30
    
31.
John T, Foulks GN, John ME, Cheng K, Hu D. Amniotic membrane in the management of acute toxic epidermal necrolysis. Ophthalmology 2002;109:351-60.  Back to cited text no. 31
    
32.
Honavar SG, Bansal AK, Sangwan VS, Rao GN. Amniotic membrane transplantation for ocular surface reconstruction in Stevens Johnson syndrome. Ophthalmology 2000;107:975-9.  Back to cited text no. 32
    
33.
Barabino S, Rolando M, Bentivoglio G, Mingari C, Zanardi S, Bellomo R, et al . Role of conjunctival reconstruction in ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. Ophthalmology 2003;110:474-80.  Back to cited text no. 33
    
34.
Tseng SH, Di Pascuale MA, Liu DT, Gao YY, Baradaran-Rafii A. Intraoperative mitomycin C and amniotic membrane transplantation for fornix reconstruction in severe cicatricial ocular surface diseases. Ophthalmology 2005;112:896-903.  Back to cited text no. 34
    
35.
Joseph A, Dua HS, King AJ. Failure of amniotic membrane transplantation in the treatment of acute ocular burns. Br J Ophthalmol 2001;85:1065-9.  Back to cited text no. 35
    
36.
Tamhane A, Vajpayee RB, Biswas NR, Pandey RM, Sharma N, Titiyal JS, et al . Evalutaion of amniotic memrane transplantation as an adjunct to medical therapy as compared with medical therapy alone in acute ocular burns. Ophthalmology 2005;112:1963-9.  Back to cited text no. 36
    
37.
Meller D, Pires RT, Mack RJ, Figueirido F, Heiligenhaus A, Park WC, et al . Amniotic membrane transplantation for acute chemical or thermal burns. Ophthalmology 2000;107:980-9.  Back to cited text no. 37
    
38.
Pires RT, Tseng SC, Prabhasawat P, Puangsricharern V, Maskin SL, Kim JC, et al . Amniotic membrane transplantation for symptomatic bullous keratopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 1999;117:1291-7.  Back to cited text no. 38
    
39.
Espana EM, Grueterich M, Sandoval H, Solomon A, Alfonso E, Karp CL, et al . Amniotic membrane transplantation for bullous keratopathy in eyes with poor visual potential. J Cataract Refract Surg 2003;29:279-84.  Back to cited text no. 39
    
40.
Mejia LF, Santamaria JP, Acosta C. Symptomatic management of postoperative bullous keratopathy with nonpreserved human amniotic membrane. Cornea 2002;21:342-5.  Back to cited text no. 40
    
41.
Paridaens D, Beekhuis H, van Den Bosch W, Remeyer L, Melles G. Amniotic membrane transplantation in the management of conjunctival malignant melanoma and primary acquired melanosis with atypia. Br J Ophtahlmol 2001;85:658-61.  Back to cited text no. 41
    
42.
Shields CL, Shields JA, Armstrong T. Management of conjunctival and corneal melanoma with surgical excision, amniotic membrane allograft and topical chemotherapy. Am J Ophthalmol 2001;132:576-8.   Back to cited text no. 42
    
43.
Dalla Pozza G, Ghirlando A, Busato F, Midena E. Reconstruction of conjunctiva with amniotic membrane after excision of large conjunctival melanoma: A long-term study. Eur J Ophthalmol 2005;15:446-50.  Back to cited text no. 43
    
44.
Sangwan VS, Sridhar MS, Vemuganti GK. Treatment of complex choristoma by excision and amniotic membrane transplantation. Arch Ophthalmol 2003;121:278-80.  Back to cited text no. 44
    
45.
Baum J. Thygeson lecture. Amniotic membrane transplantation: Why is it effective? Cornea 2002;21:339-41.  Back to cited text no. 45
    
46.
Letko E, Stechschulte SU, Kenyon KR, Sadeq N, Romero TR, Samson CM, et al . Amniotic membrane inlay and overlay grafting for corneal epithelial defects and stromal ulcers. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:659-63.  Back to cited text no. 46
    
47.
Prabhasawat P, Barton K, Burkett G, Tseng SC. Comparison of conjunctival autografts, amniotic membrane grafts and primary closure for pterygium excision. Ophthalmology 1997;104:974-85.  Back to cited text no. 47
    
48.
Fernandes M, Sangwan VS, Bansal AK, Gangopadhyay N, Sridhar MS, Garg P, et al . Outcome of pterygium surgery: Analysis over 14 years. Eye 2005;19:1182-90.  Back to cited text no. 48
    
49.
Solomon A, Pires RT, Tseng SC. Amniotic membrane transplantation after extensive removal of primary and recurrent pterygia. Ophthalmology 2001;108:449-60.  Back to cited text no. 49
    
50.
Ma DH, See LC, Hwang YS, Wang SF. Comparison of amniotic membrane graft alone or combined with intraoperative mitomycin C to prevent recurrence after excision of recurrent pterygia. Cornea 2005;24:141-5.  Back to cited text no. 50
    
51.
Sangwan VS, Murthy SI, Bansal AK, Rao GN. Surgical treatment of chronically recurring pterygium. Cornea 2003;22:63-5.  Back to cited text no. 51
    
52.
Sridhar MS, Sangwan VS, Bansal AK, Rao GN. Amniotic membrane transplantation in the management of shield ulcers of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmology 2001;108:1218-22.  Back to cited text no. 52
    
53.
Chen HJ, Pires RT, Tseng SC. Amniotic membrane transplantation for severe neurotrophic corneal ulcers. Br J Ophthalmol 2000;84:826-33.  Back to cited text no. 53
    
54.
Solomon A, Meller D, Prabhasawat P, John T, Espana EM, Steuhl KP, et al . Amniotic membrane grafts for non traumatic corneal perforations, descemetoceles and deep ulcers. Ophthalmology 2002;109:694-703.  Back to cited text no. 54
    
55.
Chen JH, Ma DH, Tsai RJ. Amniotic membrane transplantation for pseudomonal keratitis with impending perforation. Chang Gung Med J 2002;25:144-52.  Back to cited text no. 55
    
56.
Heiligenhaus A, Li H, Hernandez Galindo EE, Koch JM, Steuhl KP, Meller D. Management of acute ulcerative and necrotising herpes simplex and zoster keratitis with amniotic membrane transplantation. Br J Ophthalmol 2003;87:1215-9.  Back to cited text no. 56
    
57.
Rodriguez-Ares MT, Tourino R, Lopez-Valladares MJ, Gude F. Multilayer amniotic membrane transplantation in the treatment of corneal perforations. Cornea 2004;23:577-83.  Back to cited text no. 57
    
58.
Hick S, Demers PE, Brunette I, La C, Mabon M, Duchesne B. Amniotic membrane transplantation and fibrin glue in the management of corneal ulcers and perforations: A review of 33 cases. Cornea 2005;24:369-77.  Back to cited text no. 58
    
59.
Ti S, Tow SLC, Chee S. Amniotic membrane transplantation in entropion surgery. Ophthalmology 2001;108:1209-17.  Back to cited text no. 59
    
60.
Park EH, Horn TS, Vasani SN, Kikkawa DO. Autologous allogeneic amniotic membrane grafting in Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2003;19:250-1.  Back to cited text no. 60
    
61.
Murube J, Olivares C, Murube E. Treatment of dry eye by punctum patch. Orbit 1995;14:1-7.  Back to cited text no. 61
    
62.
Lee-Wing MW. Amniotic membrane for repair of exposed hydroxyapatite orbital implant. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2003;19:401-2.  Back to cited text no. 62
    
63.
Stewart JM, David S, Seiff SR. Amniotic membrane graft in the surgical management of cryptophthalmos. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2002;18:378-80.  Back to cited text no. 63
    
64.
Kobayashi A, Ijiri S, Sugiyama K, Di Pascuale MA, Tseng SC. Detection of corneal epithelial defect through amniotic membrane patch by fluorescein. Cornea 2005;24:359-60.  Back to cited text no. 64
    
65.
Dua HS, Gomes JA, King AJ, Maharajan VS. The amniotic membrane in ophthalmology. Surv Ophthalmol 2004;49:51-77.  Back to cited text no. 65
    
66.
Marangon FB, Alfonso EC, Miller D, Remonda NM, Marcus S, Tseng SC. Incidence of microbial infection after amniotic membrane transplantation. Cornea 2004;23:264-9.  Back to cited text no. 66
    
67.
Khokhar S, Sharma N, Kumar H, Soni A. Infection after use of nonpreserved human amniotic membrane for the reconstruction of the ocular surface. Cornea 2001;20:773-4.  Back to cited text no. 67
    
68.
Gabler B, Lohmann CP. Hypopyon after repeated transplantation of human amniotic membrane onto the corneal surface. Ophthalmology 2000;107:1344-6  Back to cited text no. 68
    
69.
Anderson SB, de Souza RF, Hoffmann-Rummelt C, Seitz B. Corneal calcification after amniotic membrane transplantation. Br J Ophthalmol 2003;87:587-91.  Back to cited text no. 69
    
70.
Lavker RM, Tseng SC, Sun TT. Corneal epithelial stem cells at the limbus: Looking at some old problems from a new angle. Exp Eye Res 2004;78:433-46.  Back to cited text no. 70
    
71.
Schwab IR. Cultured corneal epithelia for ocular surface disease. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1999;97:891-986.   Back to cited text no. 71
    
72.
Schwab IR, Reyes M, Isseroff RR. Successful transplantation of bioengineered tissue replacements in patients with ocular surface disease. Cornea 2000;19:421-6.   Back to cited text no. 72
    
73.
Tsai RJ, Li LM, Chen JK. Reconstruction of damaged corneas by transplantation of autologous limbal epithelial cells. N Engl J Med 2000;343:86-93.  Back to cited text no. 73
    
74.
Koizumi N, Inatomi T, Suzuki T, Sotozono C, Kinoshita S. Cultivated corneal epithelial stem cell transplantation in ocular surface disorders. Ophthalmology 2001;108:1569-74.  Back to cited text no. 74
    
75.
Grueterich M, Espana EM, Tseng SC. Ex vivo expansion of limbal epithelial stem cells: Amniotic membrane serving as a stem cell niche. Surv Ophthalmol 2003;48:631-46.  Back to cited text no. 75
    
76.
Burman S, Tejwani S, Vemuganti GK, Gopinathan U, Sangwan VS. Ophthalmic applications of preserved human amniotic membrane: A review of current indications. Cell Tissue Bank 2004;5:161-75  Back to cited text no. 76
    
77.
Duchesne B, Tahi H, Galand A. Use of human fibrin glue and amniotic membrane transplant in corneal perforation. Cornea 2001;20:230-2.  Back to cited text no. 77
    
78.
Kenyon KR. Amniotic membrane; Mother's own remedy for ocular surface diseases. Cornea 2005;24:639-42.  Back to cited text no. 78
    


    Figures

  [Figure - 1], [Figure - 2], [Figure - 3], [Figure - 4], [Figure - 5], [Figure - 6], [Figure - 7], [Figure - 8], [Figure - 9], [Figure - 10], [Figure - 11], [Figure - 12], [Figure - 13], [Figure - 14], [Figure - 15], [Figure - 16], [Figure - 17], [Figure - 18], [Figure - 19]


This article has been cited by
1 Clinical Outcomes and Indications of In-Office Sutureless Dried Gamma Ray-Sterilized Human Amniotic Membrane Transplantation With Bandage Contact Lenses in Various Ocular Surface Disorders
Kyu Seong Jo, Kook Young Kim, Yong Woo Lee, Sang Beom Han, Chul Young Choi
Cornea. 2024;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
2 EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY OF AMNIOTIC MEMBRANE GRAFTING FOR CORNEAL SURFACE DISORDER: A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL STUDY
Pawan Kumar Yadav, Ajay Kumar Arya, Aparna Shukla
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2024; : 77
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
3 Amniotic membrane transplantation for ocular surface burns
Paula Basso Dias, Mariela Regina Dalmarco Ghem, Ana Caroline Martinelli, Anna Carolina Badotti Linhares, Daniel Wasilewski
Revista Brasileira de Oftalmologia. 2024; 83
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
4 Amniotic Membrane Transplantation for Reconstruction of Ocular Surface Lesion Excisions in Pediatric Population
Okyanus Bulut, Melis Palamar, Banu Yaman, Sait Egrilmez, Ayse Yagci, Ozlem Barut Selver
Eye & Contact Lens: Science & Clinical Practice. 2023;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
5 The Role of Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography in the Evaluation of the Pterygium
Muhammed Batur, Erbil Seven, Serek Tekin, Muhammet Derda Özer, Mehmet Siraç Demir, Tekin Yasar
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy. 2023; : 103704
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
6 Management of cataract in dry eye disease: Preferred practice pattern guidelines
Pragnya R Donthineni, Rashmi Deshmukh, Chitra Ramamurthy, Virender S Sangwan, Jodhbir S Mehta, Sayan Basu
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2023; 71(4): 1364
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
7 Corneal stem cells niche and homeostasis impacts in regenerative medicine; concise review
Fatemeh Tavakkoli, Taher K Eleiwa, Abdelrahman M Elhusseiny, Mukesh Damala, Amit K Rai, Kasra Cheraqpour, Mohammad H Ansari, Mohammad Doroudian, Saeed H Keshel, Mohammad Soleimani, Ali R Djalilian, Virender S Sangwan, Vivek Singh
European Journal of Ophthalmology. 2023; : 1120672122
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
8 Stabilized human amniotic membrane for enhanced sustainability and biocompatibility
Bhawna, Sunil Gujjar, K.S. Venkataprasanna, Shivam Tiwari, Jagadish Chandra Sharma, Priyanka Sharma, Mukta Pujani, Anil Kumar Pandey, Prasad Abnave, Dinesh Kalyanasundaram, Santosh Mathapati
Process Biochemistry. 2023; 129: 67
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
9 Scleral thinning causes, diagnosis, and management: A narrative review
Gabriella Bulloch, Ishith Seth, Sharanya Sukumar, Yanping Chen, Zhuoting Zhu
Contact Lens and Anterior Eye. 2023; : 101825
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
10 The developments in amniotic membrane transplantation in glaucoma and vitreoretinal procedures
Rohit Sharma, Vivian Nappi, Theodoros Empeslidis
International Ophthalmology. 2023;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
11 Amniotic Membrane Transplantation an Experience of a Locally Prepared Tissue
Nada Al-Yousuf, Hasan Alsetri, Eman Farid, Sara M George
Transplant Research and Risk Management. 2022; Volume 14: 7
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
12 Comparing ProKera With Amniotic Membrane Transplantation: Indications, Outcomes, and Costs
Tianwei Ellen Zhou, Marie-Claude Robert
Cornea. 2022; 41(7): 840
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
13 Human amniotic epithelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles provide an extracellular matrix-based microenvironment for corneal injury repair
Shuqin Hu, Zhe Wang, Caixia Jin, Qizhen Chen, Yuchen Fang, Jiahui Jin, Jie Chen, Lixia Lu, Haibin Tian, Jingying Xu, Furong Gao, Juan Wang, Jieping Zhang, Hong-Ping Cui, Guo-Tong Xu, Qingjian Ou
Journal of Tissue Engineering. 2022; 13: 2041731422
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
14 Tissue engineering approaches towards the regeneration of biomimetic scaffolds for age-related macular degeneration
Shambhavi Bagewadi, Sowmya Parameswaran, Subramanian Krishnakumar, Swaminathan Sethuraman, Anuradha Subramanian
Journal of Materials Chemistry B. 2021; 9(30): 5935
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
15 Experimental evaluation of safety and efficacy of plasma-treated poly-e-caprolactone membrane as a substitute for human amniotic membrane in treating corneal epithelial defects in rabbit eyes
RaghavD Ravani, Saumya Yadav, Brijesh Takkar, Seema Sen, Seema Kashyap, Deepika Gupta, Manjeet Jassal, Ashwini Agrawal, Sujata Mohanty, Radhika Tandon
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2021; 69(9): 2412
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
16 Amniotic membrane transplant in acute ocular surface burns in Western India: A tertiary eye care center study
DipaliP Parmar, PradnyaK Bhole, ParitaN Patel, JagrutiN Jadeja
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2021; 69(1): 58
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
17 A Review on Modifications of Amniotic Membrane for Biomedical Applications
Fatemeh Dadkhah Tehrani, Arezoo Firouzeh, Iman Shabani, Azadeh Shabani
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2021; 8
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
18 Bio-Fabrication of Human Amniotic Membrane Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and the Wet/Dry HAM Dressing Membrane for Wound Healing
Palaniappan Ramasamy, Ramachandran Krishnakumar, Ravichandran Rekha, Baskaralingam Vaseeharan, K. Saraswathi, Mohan Raj, Robert E. B. Hanna, Gerard P. Brennan, Govindan Dayanithi, Sekar Vijayakumar
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2021; 9
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
19 Evaluation of outcome of primary pterygium excision combined with different techniques
Raksha V, Manjunath BH
IP International Journal of Ocular Oncology and Oculoplasty. 2021; 7(3): 268
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
20 Biomolecular evaluation of cryopreserved amniotic membranes for ophthalmological use by ELISA and RT-PCR at one and eighteen months
C. Wahab, O. Fakhoury, H. Serhan, J. Ayash, F. Jabbour, A. Dirani, M. Kallassy, N. Waked
Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie. 2021; 44(10): 1529
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
21 Use of autologous fascia lata graft to repair a complex corneal ulcer in a mare
Marcos Lores, Peter Rakestraw, Mieke De Rijck, Thomas Yarbrough
Irish Veterinary Journal. 2020; 73(1)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
22 Niche regulation of limbal epithelial stem cells: HC-HA/PTX3 as surrogate matrix niche
Scheffer C.G. Tseng, Szu-Yu Chen, Olivia G. Mead, Sean Tighe
Experimental Eye Research. 2020; 199: 108181
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
23 Management of corneal epithelial defects in a population of mature chuck-will’s-widows (Antrostomus carolinensis) in South Florida
Taryn L. Overton, Robert L. Swinger, Megan E. Climans, Antonia L. Gardner, Amanda L. Grant, Renata M. Schneider, Richard R. Dubielzig, Leandro B. C. Teixeira
Veterinary Ophthalmology. 2020; 23(3): 567
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
24 Antheraea mylitta Silk Films Support Corneal Re-epithelialisation as Inlay Grafts in Large-Sized Corneal Defect
Sumana Gharami, Arnab Bhattacharjee, Aditya Konar, Sarbani Hazra
Regenerative Engineering and Translational Medicine. 2020; 6(4): 442
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
25 Insights on the Human Amniotic Membrane in Clinical Practice with a Focus on the New Applications in Retinal Surgery
Ruggero Tartaro, Tomaso Caporossi, Gianni Virgili, Francesco Barca, Fabrizio Giansanti, Stanislao Rizzo
Regenerative Engineering and Translational Medicine. 2020;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
26 Evaluation of folded amniotic membrane and injectable amniotic membrane pieces as soft tissue filler materials
Mustafa Caglar Buday, Murat Ozturk
Auris Nasus Larynx. 2019; 46(3): 451
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
27 Dehydrated human amnion/chorion membrane (dHACM) closure in giant perianal condyloma acuminata (Buschke-Löwenstein tumor)
Fransiska Kusumowidagdo
Journal of Pediatric Surgery Case Reports. 2019; 41: 60
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
28 Protective Role of Decellularized Human Amniotic Membrane from Oxidative Stress-Induced Damage on Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells
Lekshmi Krishna, Kamesh Dhamodaran, Murali Subramani, Murugeswari Ponnulagu, Nallathambi Jeyabalan, Sai Rama Krishna Meka, Chaitra Jayadev, Rohit Shetty, Kaushik Chatterjee, Samanta Sekhar Khora, Debashish Das
ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering. 2019; 5(1): 357
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
29 A multicenter retrospective study on cryopreserved amniotic membrane transplantation for the treatment of complicated corneal ulcers in the dog
Daniel Costa, Marta Leiva, Fernando Sanz, Victoria Espejo, Javier Esteban, Jorge Vergara, Clinio Díaz, Eduardo Huguet, Martí Cairó, José Ríos, Maria Teresa Peña
Veterinary Ophthalmology. 2019; 22(5): 695
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
30 Ocular chemical burns from accidental exposure to topical dermatological medicinal agent
Jitender Jinagal, ParulC Gupta, Gaurav Gupta, KamalK Sahu, Jagat Ram
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2018; 66(10): 1476
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
31 Comment on: Continuous intraoperative optical coherence tomography-guided shield ulcer debridement with tuck in multilayered amniotic membrane transplantation
Pooja Jain, Neera Agrawal
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2018; 66(10): 1520
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
32 Use of equine amniotic membrane free-island grafts for treatment of a midstromal corneal ulcer and descemetocele in a snow leopard (Panthera uncia)
Amy M. Knollinger, Jessica E. McDonald, Nancy A. Carpenter, Erika K. Crook
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2018; 253(12): 1623
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
33 Advances in perinatal stem cells research: a precious cell source for clinical applications
Bahareh Abbaspanah, Maryam Momeni, Marzieh Ebrahimi, Seyed Hadi Mousavi
Regenerative Medicine. 2018; 13(5): 595
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
34 In Vitro Evaluation of the Drug Reservoir Function of Human Amniotic Membrane Using Moxifloxacin as a Model Drug
Madhavi Latha Yelchuri, Bhagyashree Madhavi, Nilam Gohil, Hitha Sara Sajeev, Namperumalsamy Venkatesh Prajna, Senthilkumari Srinivasan
Cornea. 2017; 36(5): 594
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
35 The Effectiveness of Amniotic Membrane as Skin Graft Fixator and Graft Take Accelerator, a Clinical Research Study
Dana A Abdilkarim, Ari Raheem Qader, Abdulsalaam M. Yonis
Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research. 2016; 1(1): 70
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
36 Amniotic Membrane Transplantation in Failed Trabeculectomy
Vincenzo Sarnicola,Chiara Millacci,Patricia Toro Ibanez,Caterina Sarnicola,Enrica Sarnicola,Andrew Ruggiero
Journal of Glaucoma. 2015; 24(2): 154
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
37 Amniotic membrane: New concepts for an old dressing
Malgorzata Litwiniuk, Tomasz Grzela
Wound Repair and Regeneration. 2014; 22(4): 451
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
38 Corneal blindness and xenotransplantation
Vladimir Lamm,Hidetaka Hara,Alex Mammen,Deepinder Dhaliwal,David K. C. Cooper
Xenotransplantation. 2014; : n/a
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
39 Combination of the buccal mucosa and amniotic membrane: A novel approach for graft augmentation urethroplasty
Mustafa Günes,Mehmet Umul,Alime Günes,Muammer Altok
Medical Hypotheses. 2014;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
40 Amniotic Membrane in Reconstraction of larynx Following Chondro sarcoma Resection: a case report
Kamyar Iravani,Seyed Basir Hashemi,Maryam Tehrani,Mohsen Rashidi
American Journal of Otolaryngology. 2014;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
41 The destructive effects of antibiotics on the amniotic membrane ultrastructure
Veysel Aykut,Ugur Celik,Burcu Celik
International Ophthalmology. 2014;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
42 Bacterial contamination of amniotic membrane in a tissue bank from Iran
Hamid Reza Aghayan,Parisa Goodarzi,Alireza Baradaran-Rafii,Bagher Larijani,Leila Moradabadi,Fakher Rahim,Babak Arjmand
Cell and Tissue Banking. 2013; 14(3): 401
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
43 Role of multilayered amniotic membrane transplantation for the treatment of resistant corneal ulcers in North India
Shalini Mohan,Ina Budhiraja,Amit Saxena,Perwez Khan,S. K. Sachan
International Ophthalmology. 2013;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
44 Chitosan–gelatin biopolymers as carrier substrata for limbal epithelial stem cells
Ana Mata,Teresa Nieto-Miguel,Marina López-Paniagua,Sara Galindo,María Rosa Aguilar,Luis García-Fernández,Sandra Gonzalo,Blanca Vázquez,Julio San Román,Rosa María Corrales,Margarita Calonge
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. 2013;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
45 A Comparison of the Efficacy of Autologous Serum Eye Drops with Amniotic Membrane Transplantation in Neurotrophic Keratitis
Elif Turkoglu,Erkan Celik,Gursoy Alagoz
Seminars in Ophthalmology. 2013; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
46 Complex Limbal Choristoma in Nevus Sebaceous Syndrome
NITIN NEMA, KULDEEP SINGH, AMIT VERMA
Pediatric Dermatology. 2012; : no
[VIEW] | [DOI]
47 A comparison of the effectiveness between amniotic membrane homogenate and transplanted amniotic membrane in healing corneal damage in a rabbit model
Qing Guo, Jie Hao, Qian Yang, Linan Guan, Shan Ouyang, Jianwen Wang
Acta Ophthalmologica. 2011; : no
[VIEW] | [DOI]
48 A light-activated method for repair of corneal surface defects
Ying Wang, Irene E. Kochevar, Robert W. Redmond, Min Yao
Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 2011; 43(6): 481
[VIEW] | [DOI]
49 Antimicrobial properties of amniotic membrane
Sangwan, V.S., Basu, S.
British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2011; 95(1): 1-2
[Pubmed]
50 Amniotic membrane and amniotic cells: Potential therapeutic tools to combat tissue inflammation and fibrosis?
U. Manuelpillai, Y. Moodley, C.V. Borlongan, O. Parolini
Placenta. 2011;
[VIEW] | [DOI]
51 Chirurgie des pathologies sévères de la surface oculaire
V. Borderie,T. Gaujoux,E. Basli,L. Laroche
EMC - Ophtalmologie. 2010; 7(3): 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
52 Process development of a virally-safe acellular bovine amniotic membrane for biological dressing
Bae, J.E., Kim, C.K., Kim, S., Yang, E.K., Kim, I.S.
Korean Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2010; 38(4): 420-427
[Pubmed]
53 Use of amniotic membrane transplantation in isolated conjunctival Bowen disease: A case report
Motolese, I., Mazzera, L., Frezzotti, P., Motolese, P.A., Motolese, E.
European Journal of Ophthalmology. 2010; 20(3): 604-607
[Pubmed]
54 Effect of amniotic membrane transplantation on corneal healing and proteoglycan expression in an experimental model of limbal deficiency in rabbits
Andrade, A.L., Campos, M.Q., Gomes, J.A.P., Berto, A.G.A., Michelacci, Y.M.
European Journal of Ophthalmology. 2010; 20(2): 290-299
[Pubmed]
55 Potential use of the human amniotic membrane as a scaffold in human articular cartilage repair
Silvia Díaz-Prado, Mª Esther Rendal-Vázquez, Emma Muiños-López, Tamara Hermida-Gómez, Margarita Rodríguez-Cabarcos, Isaac Fuentes-Boquete, Francisco J. Toro, Francisco J. Blanco
Cell and Tissue Banking. 2010;
[VIEW] | [DOI]
56 Amniotic membrane transplantation in the treatment of persistent epithelial defect on the corneal graft
Dekaris, I., Mravičić, I., Barišić, A., Drača, N., Pauk, M.
Collegium Antropologicum. 2010; 34(sup 2): 15-19
[Pubmed]
57 Amniotic membrane transplantation for the treatment of feline corneal sequestrum: pilot study : amniotic membrane transplantation for corneal sequestrum
Laura Barachetti, Chiara Giudice, Carlo M. Mortellaro
Veterinary Ophthalmology. 2010; 13(5): 326
[VIEW] | [DOI]
58 The use of amniotic membrane transplantation for ocular surface reconstruction: a review and series of 58 equine clinical cases (2002-2008)
Caryn E. Plummer
Veterinary Ophthalmology. 2009; 12(1): 17-24
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
59 Advances in corneal surgery and cell therapy: challenges and perspectives for eye banks
Adriano Fasolo, Diego Ponzin, Stefano Ferrari, Vanessa Barbaro, Enzo Di Iorio
Expert Review of Ophthalmology. 2009; 4(3): 317
[VIEW] | [DOI]
60 Prospective Comparison of Two Suturing Techniques of Amniotic Membrane Transplantation for Symptomatic Bullous Keratopathy
Ugur E. Altiparmak,Yusuf Oflu,Elvin H. Yildiz,Koray Budak,Bekir Sitki Aslan,Ayse Nurozler,Mustafa Onat,Remzi Kasim,Sunay Duman
American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2009; 147(3): 442
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
61 Denuded human amniotic membrane seeding bone marrow stromal cells as an effective composite matrix stimulates axonal outgrowth of rat neural cortical cells in vitro
Hong sheng Liang,Peng Liang,Ye Xu,Jia ning Wu,Tao Liang,Xiao ping Xu,En zhong Liu
Acta Neurochirurgica. 2009; 151(9): 1113
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
62 Inactivation of infectious microorganisms by disinfection and sterilization processes for human amniotic membrane grafts
Bae, J.E., Kim, C.K., Kim, I.S.
Korean Journal of Microbiology. 2009; 45(4): 346-353
[Pubmed]
63 Application of amniotic membrane as xenograft for urethroplasty in rabbit
Saeed Shakeri, Abdolreza Haghpanah, Abdolaziz Khezri, Maryam Yazdani, Ahmad Monabbati, Sezaneh Haghpanah, Leila Malekmakan, Soroush Ayrempour
International Urology and Nephrology. 2009; 41(4): 895
[VIEW] | [DOI]
64 Amniotic Membrane Transplantation as a New Therapy for the Acute Ocular Manifestations of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Shay, E., Kheirkhah, A., Liang, L., Sheha, H., Gregory, D.G., Tseng, S.C.G.
Survey of Ophthalmology. 2009; 54(6): 686-696
[Pubmed]
65 Fresh amniotic membrane transplantation combined with mitomycin C in the treatment of recurrent pterygium in 48 cases
Ge, S.-L., Bian, H.-L., Gao, M.-R.
Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research. 2009; 13(31): 6163-6166
[Pubmed]
66 Denuded human amniotic membrane seeding bone marrow stromal cells as an effective composite matrix stimulates axonal outgrowth of rat neural cortical cells in vitro
Liang, H.S., Liang, P., Xu, Y., Wu, J.N., Liang, T., Xu, X.P., Liu, E.Z.
Acta Neurochirurgica. 2009; 151(9): 1113-1120
[Pubmed]
67 Amnion: A potent graft source for cell therapy in stroke
Seong, J.Y., Soncini, M., Kaneko, Y., Hess, D.C., Parolini, O., Borlongan, C.V.
Cell Transplantation. 2009; 18(2): 111-118
[Pubmed]
68 Prospective Comparison of Two Suturing Techniques of Amniotic Membrane Transplantation for Symptomatic Bullous Keratopathy
Yildiz, E.H., Budak, K., Aslan, B.S., Nurozler, A., Onat, M., (...), Duman, S.
American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2009; 147(3): 442-446, e1
[Pubmed]
69 Amniotic Membrane Transplantation as a New Therapy for the Acute Ocular Manifestations of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Elizabeth Shay,Ahmad Kheirkhah,Lingyi Liang,Hossam Sheha,Darren G. Gregory,Scheffer C.G. Tseng
Survey of Ophthalmology. 2009; 54(6): 686
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
70 BALB/c and C57BL6 mouse strains vary in their ability to heal corneal epithelial debridement wounds
Pal-Ghosh, S., Tadvalkar, G., Jurjus, R.A., Zieske, J.D., Stepp, M.A.
Experimental Eye Research. 2008; 87(5): 478-486
[Pubmed]
71 Evaluation of human amniotic membrane as a substitute for transitional epithelium of bladder in dog
Shakeri, S. and Masoudi, P. and Yazdani, M. and Monabbati, A. and Mehrabani, D. and Tanideh, N.
Journal of Applied Animal Research. 2008; 33(1): 55-59
[Pubmed]
72 BALB/c and C57BL6 mouse strains vary in their ability to heal corneal epithelial debridement wounds
Sonali Pal-Ghosh,Gauri Tadvalkar,Rosalyn A. Jurjus,James D. Zieske,Mary Ann Stepp
Experimental Eye Research. 2008; 87(5): 478
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
73 Evaluation of Human Amniotic Membrane as a Substitute for Transitional Epithelium of Bladder in Dog
Saeed Shakeri,Parham Masoudi,Maryam Yazdani,Ahmad Monabbati,Davood Mehrabani,Nader Tanideh
Journal of Applied Animal Research. 2008; 33(1): 55
[Pubmed] | [DOI]



 

Top
 
 
  Search
 
    Similar in PUBMED
   Search Pubmed for
   Search in Google Scholar for
 Related articles
    Access Statistics
    Email Alert *
    Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)  

 
  In this article
Abstract
Scientific Basis...
Surgical Technique
Conclusion
References
Article Figures

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed52295    
    Printed815    
    Emailed46    
    PDF Downloaded5501    
    Comments [Add]    
    Cited by others 73    

Recommend this journal