|
|
SYMPOSIUM |
|
Year : 2007 | Volume
: 55
| Issue : 6 | Page : 417-420 |
|
Bevacizumab: Off-label use in ophthalmology
Salvatore Grisanti, Focke Ziemssen
University Eye Hospital at the Centre of Ophthalmology, Eberhard-Karls University of Tuebingen, Germany
Date of Submission | 13-Apr-2007 |
Date of Acceptance | 02-Jul-2007 |
| |
Correspondence Address: Salvatore Grisanti University Eye Hospital, Centre of Ophthalmology, Eberhard-Karls University of Tuebingen Schleichstrasse 12-15 72076 Tuebingen Germany
Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.36474
Bevacizumab is a full-length, humanized monoclonal antibody directed against all the biologically active isoforms of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A). The antibody was initially designed and studied as an anti-angiogenic strategy to treat a variety of solid tumors. After approval by the US Food and Drug Administration, bevacizumab gained access into ophthalmology to treat various types of neovascular diseases. Since the first report in 2005 more than 100 publications share the experience with bevacizumab in ophthalmology. Two authors independently assessed the research results from Pubmed to April 2007. The reference list is a selection of key publications related to the issue. Currently, there is no well-designed randomized controlled trial yet to establish the efficacy and safety of intraocular bevacizumab for any ocular disease in spite of its assumed characteristics representing the most cost-effective VEGF inhibitor. Keywords: Bevacizumab, intravitreal injection, neovascular ocular disease
How to cite this article: Grisanti S, Ziemssen F. Bevacizumab: Off-label use in ophthalmology. Indian J Ophthalmol 2007;55:417-20 |
More than 35 years ago a man had a dream. Judah Folkman hypothesized that cancer may be treated by abolishing the nutrients and oxygen-providing blood vessels. The term anti-angiogenic therapy was born and bevacizumab (AVASTIN® , Genentech, Inc.) became the first therapy approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) designed to inhibit angiogenesis in tumors.
Angiogenesis is a complex multifaceted process influenced by several factors. Inducers and inhibitors balance the angiogenic switch which finally turns the process on or off. Though the number of known factors is steadily increasing, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A seems to play a very pivotal role and is the primary target of recent anti-angiogenic strategies. An extensive number of experimental studies have established that VEGF plays a central role in the development of several ocular pathologies characterized by neovascularization and increased vascular permeability.
The logical consequence was a therapeutic regimen specifically targeting VEGF. Though other VEGF inhibitors are being developed or already licensed to treat ocular diseases, the anticancer drug, bevacizumab, found its way into ophthalmology and clinical practice all around the world.
Description of Bevacizumab | | |
Bevacizumab is a full-length, humanized monoclonal antibody directed against all the biologically active isoforms of VEGF-A. [1] It is a recombinant IgG1 antibody with a molecular weight of about 149kD that is produced in a Chinese Hamster Ovary mammalian cell expression system in a nutrient medium containing the antibiotic gentamicin. [2] AVASTIN® (bevacizumab) is a clear to slightly opalescent, colorless to pale brown, sterile solution with pH 6.2. It was originally designed for intravenous (IV) infusion and is supplied in 100 mg and 400 mg preservative-free, single-use vials to deliver 4 mL or 16 mL of AVASTIN® (25 mg/mL). The product is formulated in alpha-trehalose dihydrate, sodium phosphate (monobasic, monohydrate), sodium phosphate (dibasic, anhydrous), polysorbate and water for injection. [2]
Mechanism of Action | | |
Bevacizumab binds to the receptor-binding domain of all VEGF-A isoforms. Consequently, it prevents the interaction between VEGF-A and its receptors (Flt-1 and KDR) on the surface of endothelial cells which starts the intracellular signaling pathway leading to endothelial cell proliferation and new blood vessel formation. [1]
Clinical Application | | |
Bevacizumab was primarily developed for the treatment of a variety of solid tumors. [3],[4],[5] In 2004, the FDA approved bevacizumab for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer in combination with standard chemotherapy. [4] The recommended dose of bevacizumab for colorectal cancer is 5 mg/kg given once daily every two weeks as an IV infusion.
Though not formally studied or approved for any intraocular disease, Rosenfeld's pioneering work [6],[7] and the unavailability of a related ocular drug, ranibizumab, led to rapid and wide use of bevacizumab all over the world. After initial studies were done with IV injections, this route of administration was not generally accepted due to higher costs and due to a more conceivable risk of systemic side-effects. [8],[9]
Efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab in experimental and clinical studies
Preclinical data suggested that full-length antibodies would not penetrate the retina and be useful for subretinal pathologies such as choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). [10] The publication of clinical cases demonstrating the impressive resolution of macular fluid in neovascular AMD and central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), however, raised doubts about the previous assumption. [6],[7] Meanwhile, several studies demonstrated that bevacizumab is able to penetrate the retina after intravitreal injection. [11],[12] More published case series of bevacizumab treatment for different neovascular ocular pathologies indicated a positive anatomical and functional effect. [13],[14],[15],[16],[17] First clinical results indicate a promising efficacy profile for neovascular AMD. [18],[19] Though only small numbers have been investigated yet, there seems to be no difference between distinct types of CNV. [13] Promising results have been shown also for myopic CNV [20],[21],[22] , CNV secondary to angioid streak [23],[24] and juxtafoveal telangiectasia. [25],[26] Currently, only short-term results on efficacy and safety are available. [27],[28] Further aspects, such as pretreatment and/or combination with other therapies and different treatment intervals are making our understanding more complicated. [29],[30],[31],[32],[33]
Safety of intravitreal bevacizumab in experimental and clinical studies
Bevacizumab was not intended and therefore not formally studied or approved for intraocular use. The need for a potent drug led to its off-label use, but also to an impressive research effort to exclude local and systemic side-effects. In clinical practice, local side-effects did not seem to differ compared to other intraocular drugs. [34],[35],[36] Rarely, intraocular inflammation was observed. [37] A small series of patients did not reveal an increase in flare. [38],[39] In electrophysiological studies no negative side-effects were seen on the retina. In contrast, the results showed a recovery effect on photoreceptors even at the site of the CNV. [40] Most of the in vitro , ex vivo and in vivo experiments excluded short-term negative effects on ocular cells and histology. [41],[42],[43],[44],[45] A recent paper, however, discloses mitochondrial disruption in the inner segment of photoreceptors and apoptosis after high doses of intravitreal bevacizumab in the rabbit eye. [46] The electrophysiological investigation and light microscopy, in contrast appeared unaltered. This suggests that potential side-effects on the cellular level cannot be detected with the present diagnostic tools in clinical practice.
A potential side-effect that strikes the clinician is the apparently increased incidence of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) tears (5 to 10%), most often after large and hemorrhagic pigment epithelium detachment. [47],[48] It has been postulated that the fast resolution of fluid and/or contraction of the fibrous tissue may cause the rip.
Although the full-length antibody bevacizumab is larger in size and has therefore extended half-life (5.5 days) in the eye, it still leaves the ocular compartment and gets access to the systemic circulation. [49] This explains the biological effects observed in the contralateral eye after intravitreal application. [13] The risk of hypertension and thromboembolic events has been described for systemic application in cancer patients. [4] The risk of systemic side-effects in multiple applications remains unclear. Some patients displayed significantly elevated blood pressure levels after intravitreal injections [50],[51] but there is no controlled collection of adverse events yet. Patients must be, therefore, meticulously informed about all potential risks of intraocular injection in general and about bevacizumab therapy in particular. [52],[53]
Conclusions | | |
Though data from controlled trials are lacking, bevacizumab appears to be safe and effective in the short term. The evidence for efficacy and safety is increasing, but the quality of the studies is still low compared to controlled multicenter trials for drug approval. The physician has to be aware of their responsibility towards the patient. This not only includes the risks associated with the off-label use, but also the cost problem and the availability of approved drugs for different ocular pathologies.
References | | |
1. | Ferrara N, Hillan KJ, Nowotny W. Bevacizumab (Avastin), a humanized anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody for cancer therapy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005;333:328-35. |
2. | Available from: http://www.gene.com/gene/products/information//oncology/avastin. |
3. | Presta LG, Chen H, O'Connor SJ, Chisholm V, Meng YG, Krummen L, et al . Humanization of an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody for the therapy of solid tumors and other disorders. Cancer Res 1997;57:4593-9. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
4. | Hurwitz HI, Fehrenbacher L, Hainsworth JD, Heim W, Berlin J, Holmgren E, et al . Bevacizumab plus irnotecan, fluorouracil and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2335-42. |
5. | Yang JC, Harworth L, Sherry RM, Hwu P, Schwartzentruber DJ, Topalian SL, et al . A randomized trial of bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody, for mewztastatic renal cancer. N Engl J Med 2003;349:427-34. |
6. | Rosenfeld PJ, Mosfeghi AA, Puliafito CA. Optical coherence tomography findings after an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (avastin) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2005;36:331-5. |
7. | Rosenfeld PJ, Fung AE, Puliafito CA. Optical coherence tomography findings after an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (avastin) for macular edema from central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2005;36:336-9. [ PUBMED] |
8. | Michels S, Rosenfeld PJ, Puliafito CA, Marcus EN, Venkarraman AS. Systemic bevacizumab (Avastin) therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: Twelve-week results of an uncontrolled open-label clinical study. Ophthalmology 2005;112:1035-47. |
9. | Nguyen QD, Shah S, Tatlipinar S, Do DV, Anden EV, Campochiaro PA. Bevacizumab suppresses choroidal neovascularization caused by pathological myopia. Br J Ophthalmol 2005;89:1368-70. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
10. | Mordenti J, Cuthbertson RA, Ferrara N, Thomsen K, Berleau L, Licko V, et al . Comparisons of the intraocular tissue distribution, pharmacokinetics and safety of 125J-labeled full-length and Fab antibodies in rhesus monkeys following intravitreal administration. Toxicol Pathol 1999;27:536-44. [ PUBMED] |
11. | Shahar J, Avery RL, Heilweil G, Barak A, Zemel E, Lewis GP, et al . Electrophysiologic and retinal penetration studies following intravitreal injection of Bevacizumab (Avastin). Retina 2006;26:362-9. |
12. | Heiduschka P, Fietz H, Hofmeister S, Schultheiss S, Mack A, Ziemssen F, et al . Penetration of bevacizumab through the retina after intravitreal injection in monkey. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48:2814-23. |
13. | Avery RL, Pearlman J, Pieramici DJ, Rabena MD, Castellarin AA, Nasir MA, et al . Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) in the treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 2006;113:1695.e1-15. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
14. | Spaide RF, Fisher YL. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy complicated by vitreous hemorrhage. Retina 2006;26:275-8. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
15. | Spaide RF, Laud K, Fine HF, Klancnik JM Jr, Meyerle CB, Yannuzzi LA, et al . Intravitreal bevacizumab treatment of choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Retina 2006;26:383-90. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
16. | Iturralde D, Spaide RF, Meyerle CB, Klancnik JM, Yannuzzi LA, Fisher YL, et al . Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) treatment of macular edema in central retinal vein occlusion: A short-term study. Retina 2006;26:279-84. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
17. | Avery RL. Regression of retinal and iris neovascularization after intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) treatment. Retina 2006;26:352-4. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
18. | Aisenbrey S, Ziemssen F, Volker M, Gelisken F, Szurman P, Grisanti S, et al . Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for occult choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006;Epub ahead of print. |
19. | Yoganathan P, Deramo VA, Lai JC, Tibrewala RK, Fastenberg DM. Visual improvement following intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) in exudative age-related macular degeneration. Retina 2006;26:994-8. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
20. | Sakaguchi H, Ikuno Y, Gomi F, Kamei M, Sawa M, Tsujikawa M, et al . Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab for choroidal neovascularization caused by pathological myopia. Br J Ophthalmol 2006;91:161-5. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
21. | Laud K, Spaide RF, Freund KB, Slakter J, Klancnik JM. Treatment of choroidal neovascularization in pathologic myopia with intravitreal bevacizumab. Retina 2006;26:960-3. |
22. | Tewari A, Dhalla MS, Apte RS. Intravitreal bevacizumab for treatment of choroidal neovascularization in pathologic myopia. Retina 2006;26:1093-4. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
23. | Teixeira A, Moraes N, Farah ME, Bonomo PP. Choroidal neovascularization treated with intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (Avastin) in angioid streaks. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2006;84:835-6. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
24. | Lommatzsch A, Spital G, Trieschmann M, Pauleikhoff D. Intraocular application of bevacizumab for the treatment of choroidal neovascularization secondary to angioid streaks. Ophthalmologe 2007;104:325-8. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
25. | Jorge R, Costa RA, Calucci D, Scott IU. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) associated with the regression of subretinal neovascularization in idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007;245:1045-8. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
26. | Mandal S, Venkatesh P, Abbas Z, Vohra R, Garg S. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for subretinal neovascularization secondary to type 2A idiopathic juxtafoveal telangiectasia. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007;Epub ahead of print. |
27. | Rich RM, Rosenfeld PJ, Puliafito CA, Dubovy SR, Davis JL, Flynn HW Jr, et al . Short-term safety and efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Retina 2006;26:495-511. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
28. | Chen CY, Wong TY, Heriot WJ. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: A short-term study. Am J Ophthalmol 2007;143:510-2. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
29. | Aggio FB, Melo GB, Hofling-Lima AL, Eid Farah M. Photodynamic therapy with verteporfin combined with intravitreal injection of bevacizumab for exudative age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2006;84:831-3. |
30. | Dhalla MS, Shah GK, Blinder KJ, Ryan EH Jr, Mittra RA, Tewari A. Combined photodynamic therapy with verteporfin and intravitreal bevacizumab for choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration. Retina 2006;26:988-93. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
31. | Augustin AJ, Puls S, Offermann I. Triple therapy for choroidal neovascularization due to age-related macular degeneration: Verteporfin PDT, bevacizumab and dexamethasone. Retina 2007;27:133-40. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
32. | Gomi F, Nishida K, Oshima Y, Sakaguchi H, Sawa M, Tsujikawa M, et al . Intravitreal bevacizumab for idiopathic choroidal neovascularization after previous injection with posterior subtenon triamcinolone. Am J Ophthalmol 2007;143:507-10. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
33. | Costa RA, Jorge R, Calucci D, Melo LA Jr, Cardillo JA, Scott IU. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) in combination with verteporfin photodynamic therapy for choroidal neovascularization associated with age-related macular degeneration (IBeVe Study). Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007;Epub ahead of print. |
34. | Callizo J, Mennel S, Meyer CH. Complications after intravitreal injection of antiangiogenic factors. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48:A3384. |
35. | Gordon M, Morales-Canton V, Solis-Vivanco A. Complications after intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin): Analysis of 1910 injections. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48:A88. |
36. | Aggio FB, Farah ME, de Melo GB, d'Azevedo PA, Pignatari AC, Hofling-Lima AL. Acute endophthalmitis following intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) injection. Eye 2007;21:408-9. |
37. | Pieramici DJ, Avery RL, Castellarin AA, Nasir MA, Rabena M. Case of anterior uveitis after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab. Retina 2006;26:841-2. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
38. | Ziemssen F, Warga M, Neuhann IM, Leitritz M, Biester S, Grisanti S, et al . Does intravitreal injection of bevacizumab have an effect on the blood-aqueus barrier function? Br J Ophthalmol 2006;90:922. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
39. | Kiss C, Michels S, Prager F, Weigert G, Geitzenauer W, Schmidt-Erfurth U. Evaluation of anterior chamber inflammatory activity in eyes treated with intravitreal bevacizumab. Retina 2006;26:877-81. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
40. | Moschos MM, Brouzas D, Apostolopoulos M, Koutsandrea C, Loukianou E, Moschos M. Intravitreal use of bevacizumab (Avastin) for choroidal neovascularization due to ARMD: A preliminary multifocal-ERG and OCT study: Multifocal-ERG after use of bevacizumab in ARMD. Doc Ophthalmol 2007;114:37-44. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
41. | Spitzer MS, Yoeruek E, Sierra A, Wallenfels-Thilo B, Schraermeyer U, Spitzer B, et al . Comparative antiproliferative and cytotoxic profile of bevacizumab (Avastin), pegaptanib (Macugen) and ranibizumab (Lucentis) on different ocular cells. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007;Epub ahead of print. |
42. | Luke M, Warga M, Ziemssen F, Gelisken F, Grisanti S, Schneider T, et al . Effects of bevacizumab on retinal function in isolated vertebrate retina. Br J Ophthalmol 2006;90:1178-82. |
43. | Manzano RP, Peyman GA, Khan P, Kivilcim M. Testing intravitreal toxicity of bevacizumab (Avastin). Retina 2006;26:257-61. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
44. | Luthra S, Narayanan R, Marques LE, Chwa M, Kim DW, Dong J, et al . Evaluation of in vitro effects of bevacizumab (Avastin) on retinal pigment epithelial, neurosensory retinal and microvascular endothelial cells. Retina 2006;26:512-8. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
45. | Feiner L, Barr EE, Shui YB, Holekamp NM, Brantley MA Jr. Safety of intravitreal injection of bevacizumab in rabbit eyes. Retina 2006;26:882-8. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
46. | Inan UU, Avci B, Kusbeci T, Kaderli B, Avci R, Temel SG. Preclinical safety evaluation of Intravitreal injection of full-length humanized vascular endothelial growth factor antibody in rabbit eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48:1773-81. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
47. | Meyer CH, Mennel S, Schmidt JC, Kroll P. Acute retinal pigment epithelial tear following intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) injection for occult choroidal neovascularization secondary to age related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol 2006;90:1207-8. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
48. | Gelisken F, Ziemssen F, Voelker M, Bartz-Schmidt KU. Retinal pigment epithelial tear following intravitreal bevacizumab injection for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2006;84:833-4. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
49. | Beer PM, Wong SJ, Hammad AM, Falk NS, O'Malley MR, Khan S. Vitreous levels of unbound bevacizumab and unbound vascular endothelial growth factor in two patients. Retina 2006;26:871-6. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
50. | Fung AE, Rosenfeld PJ, Reichel E. The International Intravitreal Bevacizumab Safety Survey: Using the internet to assess drug safety worldwide. Br J Ophthalmol 2006;90:1344-9. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
51. | Kernt M, Neubauer AS, Kampik A. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) treatment is safe in terms of intraocular and blood pressure. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2007;85:119-20. [ PUBMED] [ FULLTEXT] |
52. | Weiss M, Roth DB, Prenner JL. The incidence of systemic adverse events in patients treated with intravireal bevacizumab. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48:A4939. |
53. | Patel PJ, Henderson L, Sivaprasad S, Bunce C, Wormald, Tufail A. The ABC Trial - A Randomised, double-masked phase III study of the efficacy and safety of Avastin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48:A4536. |
This article has been cited by | 1 |
Next generation therapeutics for retinal neurodegenerative diseases |
|
| Matthew B. Appell, Jahnavi Pejavar, Ashwin Pasupathy, Sri Vishnu Kiran Rompicharla, Saed Abbasi, Kiersten Malmberg, Patricia Kolodziejski, Laura M. Ensign | | Journal of Controlled Release. 2024; 367: 708 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 2 |
LC/MS Assessment of Glycoform Clearance of a Biotherapeutic mAb in Rabbit Ocular Tissues |
|
| Shiyu Dong, Linzhi Chen, Achim Sauer, Lars Dittus | | Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2023; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 3 |
A comparison between the effects of two liposome-encapsulated bevacizumab formulations on ocular neovascularization inhibition |
|
| Maryam Malakouti–Nejad, Daniela Monti, Susi Burgalassi, Hassan Bardania, Elahe Elahi, Dina Morshedi | | Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 2023; : 113708 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 4 |
Biosimilar versus InnovAtor MoLecule of RAnibizumab in Neovascular Age-Related MaCular DEgeneration (The BALANCE Trial): Real-World Evidence |
|
| Debdulal Chakraborty, Soumen Mondal, Subhendu Boral, Arnab Das, Tushar Kanti Sinha, Saptorshi Majumdar, Ranabir Bhattacharya, Ritobroto Maitra | | Clinical Ophthalmology. 2023; Volume 17: 1067 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 5 |
Targeting angiogenesis in oncology, ophthalmology and beyond |
|
| Yihai Cao, Robert Langer, Napoleone Ferrara | | Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 2023; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 6 |
Intravitreal Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapies for Retinal Disorders |
|
| Abraham Hang, Samuel Feldman, Aana P. Amin, Jorge A. Rivas Ochoa, Susanna S. Park | | Pharmaceuticals. 2023; 16(8): 1140 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 7 |
Understanding patient preferences in anti-VEGF treatment options for age-related macular degeneration |
|
| Semra Ozdemir, Eric Finkelstein, Jia Jia Lee, Issac Horng Khit Too, Kelvin Yi Chong Teo, Anna Chen Sim Tan, Tien Yin Wong, Gemmy Chui Ming Cheung, Marie-Helene Errera | | PLOS ONE. 2022; 17(8): e0272301 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 8 |
The Risk of Non-arteritic Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Post-intravitreal Bevacizumab Injection |
|
| Nasser A Fugara, Zaineh A Shawareb, Nancy K Rakkad, Manar L Barhoum, Bana A Shawareb, Myrna M Al-Madani, Mousa V Al-Madani | | Cureus. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 9 |
Faricimab in the Treatment Landscape for Retinal Diseases: A Review |
|
| Anna K Wu, David D Chong, Rishi P Singh | | US Ophthalmic Review. 2022; 16(2): 92 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 10 |
Emergence of ocular toxicities associated with novel anticancer therapeutics: What the oncologist needs to know |
|
| Azka Ali, Ankit A. Shah, Lauren J. Jeang, Kyle S. Fallgatter, Thomas J. George, David L. DeRemer | | Cancer Treatment Reviews. 2022; 105: 102376 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 11 |
Challenges and strategies for the delivery of biologics to the cornea |
|
| M. Wels, D. Roels, K. Raemdonck, S.C. De Smedt, F. Sauvage | | Journal of Controlled Release. 2021; 333: 560 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 12 |
Mapping of drug-related problems among older adults conciliating medical and pharmaceutical approaches |
|
| Marie-Laure Laroche, Thi Hong Van Ngo, Caroline Sirois, Amélie Daveluy, Michel Guillaumin, Marie-Blanche Valnet-Rabier, Muriel Grau, Barbara Roux, Louis Merle | | European Geriatric Medicine. 2021; 12(3): 485 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 13 |
Disease stability and extended dosing under anti-VEGF treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) — a meta-analysis |
|
| Justus G. Garweg, Christin Gerhardt | | Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 2021; 259(8): 2181 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 14 |
Ocular Pharmacokinetics of Intravitreally Injected Protein Therapeutics: Comparison among Standard-of-Care Formats |
|
| Paulina Jakubiak, Rubén Alvarez-Sánchez, Matthias Fueth, Olaf Broders, Hubert Kettenberger, Kay Stubenrauch, Antonello Caruso | | Molecular Pharmaceutics. 2021; 18(6): 2208 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 15 |
Safety and efficacy of Razumab™ (world’s first biosimilar ranibizumab) in wet age-related macular degeneration: a post-marketing, prospective ASSET study |
|
| Shashikant Sharma, Vishali Gupta, Aniruddha Maiti, Sribhargava Natesh, Sandeep Saxena, Vivek Dave, Vimal Parmar, Raju Sampangi, Hemanth Murthy, Sandhya Dharwadkar, Naresh Kumar Yadav, Shrinivas Joshi, Rahul Mayor, Dhanashree Ratra, Soumyava Basu, Neha Goel, Alok Chaturvedi, Ronak Patel, Vinu Jose | | International Journal of Retina and Vitreous. 2021; 7(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 16 |
Hydrogel Biomaterials for Application in Ocular Drug Delivery |
|
| Courtney R. Lynch, Pierre P. D. Kondiah, Yahya E. Choonara, Lisa C. du Toit, Naseer Ally, Viness Pillay | | Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2020; 8 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 17 |
Cell-based approaches towards treating age-related macular degeneration |
|
| Alireza Baradaran-Rafii, Masoumeh Sarvari, Sepideh Alavi-Moghadam, Moloud Payab, Parisa Goodarzi, Hamid Reza Aghayan, Bagher Larijani, Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani, Mahmood Biglar, Babak Arjmand | | Cell and Tissue Banking. 2020; 21(3): 339 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 18 |
Bevacizumab for eye diseases – Legal, regulatory, and ethical overview |
|
| Vinu Jose, Swetha Radhakrishna, Parag Pipalava, Inderjeet Singh | | Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 2019; 51(6): 377 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 19 |
Changing vision: a review of pharmacogenetic studies for treatment response in age-related macular degeneration patients |
|
| Janan Arslan, Paul N Baird | | Pharmacogenomics. 2018; 19(5): 435 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 20 |
Microspheres as intraocular therapeutic tools in chronic diseases of the optic nerve and retina |
|
| Irene Bravo-Osuna, Vanessa Andrés-Guerrero, Alicia Arranz-Romera, Sergio Esteban-Pérez, Irene T. Molina-Martínez, Rocío Herrero-Vanrell | | Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2018; 126: 127 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 21 |
ISCHEMIC CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION IN THE ANTI–VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR ERA |
|
| Emily K. Tam, Pamela Golchet, Madeline Yung, Francis C. DeCroos, Marc Spirn, Lydia Lehmann-Clarke, Aude Ambresin, Irena Tsui | | Retina. 2018; 38(2): 292 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 22 |
Effect of subconjunctival Bevacizumab injection on the outcome of Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation: a randomized control trial |
|
| Arezoo Miraftabi, Naveed Nilforushan, Mina Darghahi, Sayyed Amirpooya Alemzadeh, Mohammad Parsamanesh, Maryam Yadgari | | Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 2018; 46(7): 750 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 23 |
Pretreatment of RPE Cells with Lutein Can Mitigate Bevacizumab-Induced Increases in Angiogenin and bFGF |
|
| Natàlia Vilà, Jacqueline Coblentz, Carlos Moreira-Neto, Vasco Bravo-Filho, Pablo Zoroquiain, Miguel N. Burnier Jr. | | Ophthalmic Research. 2017; 57(1): 48 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 24 |
Intrasilicone oil injection of bevacizumab at the end of retinal reattachment surgery for severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy |
|
| K Ghasemi Falavarjani,M Hashemi,M Modarres,A Hadavand Khani | | Eye. 2014; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 25 |
Systemic thromboembolic adverse events in patients treated with intravitreal anti-VEGF drugs for neovascular age-related macular degeneration |
|
| Ciro Costagliola,Luca Agnifili,Barbara Arcidiacono,Sarah Duse,Vincenzo Fasanella,Rodolfo Mastropasqua,Marco Verolino,Francesco Semeraro | | Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 2012; 12(10): 1299 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 26 |
Reduced occurrence of programmed cell death and gliosis in the retinas of juvenile rabbits after short-term treatment with intravitreous bevacizumab |
|
| Maria Alice Fusco, André Luís Freire Portes, Silvana Allodi, Haroldo Vieira de Moraes Junior, Mário Luiz Ribeiro Monteiro, Nádia Campos de Oliveira Miguel | | Clinics. 2012; 67(1): 61 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | 27 |
Perioperative use of bevacizumab in vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy: A literature review |
|
| Falavarjani, K.G., Modarres, M. | | Iranian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2010; 22(2): 5-12 | | [Pubmed] | | 28 |
Short-term response of macular oedema to intravitreal bevacizumab |
|
| Welch, D.E., Elmariah, H., Peden, M.C., Adams, S.G., Ratnakaram, R., Kaushal, S. | | British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2009; 93(8): 1033-1036 | | [Pubmed] | | 29 |
Bevacizumab for ocular neovascular diseases: A systematic review |
|
| Andriolo, R.B., Puga, M.E., Beifort Jr., R., Atallah, Á.N. | | Sao Paulo Medical Journal. 2009; 127(2): 84-91 | | [Pubmed] | |
|
|
|
|