• Users Online: 38664
  • Home
  • Print this page
  • Email this page

   Table of Contents      
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 2008  |  Volume : 56  |  Issue : 4  |  Page : 285-289

Current profile of secondary glaucomas


Glaucoma Research Lab, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

Date of Submission23-Nov-2007
Date of Acceptance19-Mar-2008
Date of Web Publication19-Jun-2008

Correspondence Address:
Ritu Gadia
Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi - 110 029
India
Login to access the Email id

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.41411

Rights and Permissions
  Abstract 

Purpose: To study the current profile of secondary glaucomas for their incidence and to identify risk factors.
Materials and Methods: In this retrospective chart review, 2997 patients newly diagnosed and referred with glaucoma to our tertiary glaucoma center in the year 2005 were included. Evaluation of all cases was done on the basis of a detailed history and recorded examination including vision, intraocular pressure (IOP), anterior segment examination, gonioscopy and fundus evaluation by glaucoma specialists. Demographic data, etiology of secondary glaucoma, and any other significant findings were noted.
Results: Of 2997 referred patients, 2650 had glaucoma or were glaucoma suspects. Of all glaucoma patients or glaucoma suspects, 579 patients (21.84%) had secondary glaucoma. Age distribution was as follows: 25% were between 0-20 years; 27% were between 21-40 years; 30% were between 41-60 years and 18% were >60 years. The male female ratio was 2.2. Frequent causes of secondary glaucoma were post - vitrectomy 14%, trauma 13%, corneo-iridic scar 12%, aphakia 11%, neovascular glaucoma 9%. Post-vitrectomy glaucoma eyes had vitreous substitutes in 83% cases of which 66% eyes had retained silicone oil for more than three months. Vision ≤20/200 was present in 63% eyes, 57% eyes had baseline IOP > 30 mm Hg. Of all traumatic glaucoma patients, 71% cases were <30 years of age. Fifty per cent had baseline IOP of >30 mm Hg and vision ≤20/200.
Conclusions: Most patients with secondary glaucoma have poor vision (≤20/200) with high IOP and advanced fundus changes at presentation.

Keywords: Aphakic glaucoma, corneo-iridic scar, late presentation, post-vitrectomy glaucoma, secondary glaucoma, traumatic glaucoma


How to cite this article:
Gadia R, Sihota R, Dada T, Gupta V. Current profile of secondary glaucomas. Indian J Ophthalmol 2008;56:285-9

How to cite this URL:
Gadia R, Sihota R, Dada T, Gupta V. Current profile of secondary glaucomas. Indian J Ophthalmol [serial online] 2008 [cited 2024 Mar 28];56:285-9. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/ijo/pages/default.aspx/text.asp?2008/56/4/285/41411

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) global estimation in 2002, [1] more than 161 million people were visually impaired, of whom 124 million people had low vision and 37 million were blind worldwide. Refractive error, as a cause of visual impairment was excluded. It was also estimated that up to 75% of all blindness is avoidable. Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness globally as well as in most regions according to the WHO survey 2002. It accounts for 12.3% of global blindness (Vision <20/200 in better eye).

Most primary glaucomas are managed by early diagnosis and treatment and secondary glaucomas differ from primary by the fact that, if the primary pathology is treated properly and the possibility of secondary glaucoma is kept in mind, glaucomatous damage can be easily prevented. Ophthalmologists need to be careful in this regard while treating primary pathologies which have high chance of developing glaucoma secondarily.

This chart review was undertaken to find the common causes, demographics and clinical characteristics of various secondary glaucomas.


  Materials and Methods Top


In this retrospective chart review, 2997 patients referred with glaucoma to our tertiary glaucoma center in the year 2005 were evaluated by glaucoma specialists. The evaluation included a detailed history and detailed examination performed including vision, anterior segment examination, intraocular pressure (IOP) by Goldman applanation tonometry, and gonioscopy. Stereoscopic fundus evaluation was performed wherever possible. Visual fields were available in only a few patients as the rest had very poor visual acuity, so they could not be evaluated.

Secondary glaucoma was diagnosed when the following criteria were met: a positive history and ocular findings of pathologies such as trauma, previous surgery, neovascularization, inflammation, or any other abnormal ocular or systemic findings that could have caused prior or current IOP elevation. Patients with unilateral glaucoma were included as secondary glaucoma only if the other eye had no evidence or family history of a primary glaucoma. The other eye had IOP, gonioscopy and fundus evaluation and if required diurnal variation and visual field to exclude primary glaucoma.

Secondary glaucoma was diagnosed in the presence of chronically raised IOP with or without glaucomatous optic neuropathy. The main outcome measures were demographic data, the etiology of secondary glaucoma, visual acuity, IOP, manipulation or indentation gonioscopy, glaucomatous optic neuropathy and any other positive findings.

Data were analyzed using SPSS 10 statistical software (PC version, USA).


  Results Top


Two thousand nine hundred and ninety seven patients were referred to the glaucoma service in 2005 of which 347 were diagnosed to have no glaucoma by our specialists. Of the 2650 patients diagnosed as glaucoma or glaucoma suspects, 579 patients (21.84%) had secondary glaucoma.

In patients having secondary glaucoma, male female ratio was 2.2 and the age distribution was as follows: 25% were between 0-20 years; 27% were between 21-40 years; 30% were between 41-60 years and 18% were >60 years. Common causes of secondary glaucoma were post vitrectomy (14%), trauma (13%), corneal pathology (12%), aphakia (11%), neovascular glaucoma (10%), pseudophakia (10%), steroid-induced glaucoma (8%), uveitic glaucoma (8%), and miscellaneous causes (14%). Miscellaneous causes included lens-induced glaucoma, post penetrating keratoplasty glaucoma, glaucoma secondary to tumor, pseudoexfoliation syndrome, pigment dispersion glaucoma, glaucoma secondary to retinopathy of prematurity, aniridia, iridocorneal endothelial syndrome and chemical injury. The etiology of secondary glaucoma in the year 2005 was compared to the available past data of 10 years from 1970-80 from the same center [Table 1].

The distribution of glaucoma in different age groups is shown in [Table 2]. Young patients below 20 years of age had trauma as the most common cause of secondary glaucoma, whereas those between 21-40 years of age had glaucoma following vitreoretinal surgery with or without vitreous substitute as the leading cause. Between 41-60 years of age, neovascular glaucoma followed by glaucoma secondary to corneal pathology was common. In the older population above 60 years of age, pseudophakic glaucoma was the commonest cause, followed by aphakic and neovascular glaucoma. The sex distribution of various glaucomas is shown in [Table 3], with male preponderance in all, except uveitic glaucoma.

We performed further analysis to look for distribution of secondary juvenile glaucomas (below 35 years) and compared with 164 cases in 1984 and 100 cases of juvenile secondary glaucoma in 1988 presented to the same center. [2] Secondary juvenile glaucomas constituted 50% of secondary glaucomas of all ages (277 cases). Common causes of secondary glaucoma were trauma 28%, post-vitrectomy 15%, corneal pathology 12%, steroid-induced 10% [Table 4].

We further analyzed each type of glaucoma for their clinical characteristics and risk factors, summarized in [Table 3].

Glaucoma following vitreoretinal surgery accounted for 14% of secondary glaucomas. It was the most common etiology in the 21-60 years age group. Males were more frequently affected (M:F ratio = 4:1). A vitreous substitute was used in 83% cases, of which 73% cases had silicone oil. Sixty-six per cent eyes had retained silicone oil (1,000 centistokes viscosity) for >three months. Other associated risk factors found were trauma in 23%, myopia in 9% and others such as diabetes, vascular occlusion, and steroid use. A vision of ≤20/200 was present in 63% eyes and 57% eyes had an IOP ≥ 30 mm Hg after vitrectomy. Glaucomatous optic neuropathy (CD ratio ≥ 0.7) was found in 65% cases and 42% cases had CD ratio ≥ 0.9.

Traumatic glaucoma was the second most common cause of secondary glaucoma in all age groups and the leading cause in 0-20 years age group. Of all traumatic glaucoma patients, 71% were below 30 years of age, and male 90%. Blunt trauma was the mode of injury in 85% of cases, play-related - cricket ball, tennis ball, gilli-danda, hockey stick, bamboo stick and stone in 30% cases; fire cracker injury in 20% cases and 50% were work-related, assaults or accidental injury. Gonioscopy could be performed in 78% of eyes, with 66% eyes showing angle recession. In eyes having angle recession, two or more quadrants were involved in 87% cases. Other features of trauma like sphincter tear, hyphema, iridodialysis, subluxation, dislocation, vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, and cataract could be seen in various combinations in about 95% cases. Fifty per cent of traumatic glaucomas had an IOP of ≥30 mm Hg and 56% had a vision ≤20/200. Optic nerve head could be assessed in 50% of eyes, of which 50% showed glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON). Protective glasses were not worn by the individuals at the time of vulnerable play activities.

Glaucoma secondary to corneal pathologies was also frequent. Fifty per cent of these cases were less than 40 years of age. Bilateral opacities were present in one-fifth of the cases. The most common etiology was a healed corneal ulcer (50%); 10% were post traumatic. All eyes had a vision of <20/200, and fundus evaluation was not possible due to the presence of the opacity.

Aphakic glaucoma affected the two extremes of age. Twenty-five per cent of cases were under 15 years of age, 85% were after congenital cataract and 15% were post traumatic.

Fifty-eight per cent cases were over 50 years of age after cataract extraction. Forty per cent cases of aphakic glaucomas were bilateral. Forty-five per cent of aphakic glaucomas had an IOP of ≥30 mm Hg and 37% had a vision of ≤20/200. Glaucomatous optic neuropathy (CD ratio ≥0.7) was found in 58% cases and 26% of cases had CD ratio ≥ 0.9.

Neovascular glaucoma constituted 9% cases of all secondary glaucomas. Common causes of neovascular glaucoma were central retinal vein occlusion (22%), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (22%) and vasculitis (22%). Ninety-five per cent eyes had vision <20/200. An IOP > 30 mm was present in 78% cases. Optic nerve head could be assessed in 38% eyes of which 75% showed GON (CD ratio ≥ 0.7) and 50% of cases had CD ratio ≥ 0.9. In this group we saw some of the end stage chronic primary angle closure glaucoma cases (10%) presenting with neovascular glaucoma.

Steroid-induced glaucoma was present in 8% of all cases. Of all cases of steroid-induced cases, 50% were avoidable and were due to the use of treatment for ocular allergies or postoperatively or drops used over the counter without prescription. The rest were due to treatment for systemic conditions such as sarcoidosis, scleroderma, primary sclerosing cholangitis, polymyositis, ulcerative colitis, nephritic syndrome and uveitis. These could also have been avoidable if the concerned physicians treating them for these systemic diseases were educated on the possibility of steroid-induced IOP elevation and glaucoma and had either warned the patients or had referred them to ophthalmologists for interventions. Bilateral involvement was seen in 68% of cases. A vision of ≤20/200 was present in 20% eyes, 50% eyes had an IOP ≥ 30 mm Hg. Glaucomatous optic neuropathy (CD ratio ≥ 0.7) was found in 50% cases.

Uveitic glaucoma followed attacks of anterior uveitis in 90% cases, and the rest were seen in panuveitis. Bilateral involvement was seen in 50% of cases. Vision of ≤20/200 was present in 70% eyes, 60% eyes had an IOP ≥ 30 mm Hg reaching up to 59 mm of Hg. Optic nerve head could be assessed in 45% eyes of which 40% showed GON.

Pseudophakic glaucoma affected the older population, 80% of patients being above 40 years of age. Most cases were unilateral (93%). A large number of eyes (37%) had either anterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) or a posterior chamber IOL placed in the anterior chamber or a pupillary capture of IOL. Ninety per cent cases had undergone a complicated cataract surgery. Sixty per cent of pseudophakic glaucomas had an IOP of ≥30 mm Hg and 50% had vision ≤20/200. Optic nerve could be evaluated in 50% cases of which 50% showed GON (CD ratio ≥ 0.7).


  Discussion Top


In this institution-based retrospective chart review, secondary glaucomas were seen in 22.07% of all newly diagnosed glaucomas. We have ascertained a demographic and clinical profile of all secondary glaucomas over a year. It is one of the largest series of secondary glaucoma studied.

Secondary glaucoma results from numerous ocular or systemic disorders and shows a poor IOP control with ocular hypotensive agents or filtering surgery in its late stages. Thus, early detection is important to maximize the chance of a therapeutic response. The causative lesion overshadows any symptoms or signs of the secondary glaucoma, so that the diagnosis is often missed and almost invariably delayed. This, we feel, is largely due to the lack of knowledge regarding the relative frequency of the various causes of secondary glaucoma. Since it is secondary to other ocular or systemic pathology, primary prevention is possible by keeping in mind risk factors associated with the development of glaucoma.

Despite its public health significance, there is limited data available on the prevalence of secondary glaucoma and the possible risk factors for secondary glaucoma. The population-based Aravind comprehensive eye survey from south India [3] reported a 0.7% incidence of secondary glaucomas where the total prevalence of glaucoma was 2.6%, i.e. a third of all glaucoma cases. The total number of cases in this study was very small for any further analysis. In another population-based study in the Japanese population, [4] secondary glaucoma and primary angle closure glaucoma had an almost equal incidence of 0.6% and 0.5% respectively among a total incidence of glaucoma of 5%. This amounts to 10% of all cases of glaucoma.

A similar study in the past from the same center has reported secondary glaucoma cases of 10 years (1970-80) from the retrospective review chart. [5] Study from north India reports a 6.72% diagnosis of secondary glaucoma out of all glaucoma referrals in a five-year hospital-based retrospective analysis (1995- 99). [6] Other studies from Finland [7] and Pakistan [8] found an incidence of 33% and 35% respectively.

Secondary glaucomas had very poor vision of <20/200 at presentation in almost all types except steroid-induced and aphakic glaucomas. An IOP of ≥30 was present in ≥50% cases in almost all types except the aphakic group. Glaucomatous optic neuropathy (cup disc ratio ≥ 0.7) was found in ≥50% of the cases where fundus could be visualized. Such figures should alert the ophthalmologists treating the primary pathology regarding the need for early initiation of anti-glaucoma medications.

There has been an increase in the total number of cases of secondary glaucoma referred to our center over time. Total number of cases were 1065 in the decade from 1970-1980, [5] while in one year (year 2005) the number was 585. In this work, post-vitrectomy glaucoma was the most common cause among the secondary glaucomas in the year 2005. Thirty years earlier the commonest cause was aphakic glaucoma, which has dramatically reduced with advancements in cataract surgery. Aphakic glaucoma and glaucoma secondary to senile cataract accounted for nearly 50% of all causes of secondary glaucoma. Lens-induced glaucoma has also shown a decline due to greater awareness in the population about cataract extraction and better surgical facilities. Traumatic and post-vitrectomy glaucoma have shown a dramatic increase in number in the current study. Traumatic glaucoma has increased in incidence from 8.4% to 13%. Other causes maintain an almost similar prevalence as in the past.

In the age group of below 20 years, trauma remains the most common cause, as was seen earlier in a study of secondary juvenile glaucomas. [2] This study shows the emergence of post-vitrectomy glaucoma with or without vitreous substitute as the second most frequent cause of juvenile secondary glaucoma. Juvenile aphakic glaucoma has increased in incidence from 4% to 8.3% this time.

As the most common causes were post-vitrectomy and trauma which were more common in males, they accounted for a higher incidence of secondary glaucoma in males. Also, in India, men are more likely to reach a tertiary center than women.

In post-vitrectomy glaucoma, silicone oil seemed to be a very important factor, especially when retained for more than three months. Honavar et al , [9] in their study on glaucoma after vitrectomy in Indian patients has shown silicone-induced glaucoma in 70% cases of all glaucoma. Other causes were preexisting glaucoma, neovascular glaucoma and traumatic glaucoma (5%) in their series. In our cases too silicone oil was used in a majority of cases and other factors were trauma, myopia, diabetes. Silicone oil-filled eyes need to have frequent IOP measurements, and oil should be removed as soon as the tamponade effect is no longer required.

Traumatic glaucoma was associated with angle recession and other features of trauma in 95% cases. Ellong et al , [10] have reported a incidence of 4.2% compared to 2.9% in our study, of traumatic glaucoma out of all glaucoma cases. In their study too, monocular blindness was seen in 61.9%, mean IOP was 36.9 ± 13.8 mm Hg and mean recorded C:D ratio was 0.8 ± 0.2. Irido-corneal angle recession was seen in 61.9%. Damage to the iris or lens, vitreous hemorrhage, and inflammation on baseline examination has been shown to be associated with a significantly greater risk of developing glaucoma after penetrating ocular involvement. [11] ,[12] Penetrating injuries were followed by a secondary glaucoma if an adherent leucoma and/or evidence of lenticular damage or displacement were seen.

In corneal pathologies secondary to infective etiology there may be inflammation and a higher incidence of rise of IOP. However, accurate measurement of IOP is difficult, and pneumotonometry if available, may be of value in these cases. Glaucoma secondary to an improperly managed or non-responsive bacterial or fungal ulcer with subsequent formation of adherent leucoma was common.

It is important to mention that steroid-induced response depends on the duration of therapy, type of steroids used, as well as genetic influence of a person. Most of the cases included in this study had GON due to long-term use of systemic and/or local steroids, indicating their late presentation to this hospital. In this respect, general physicians should be educated regarding the side-effects of systemic steroids and the importance of regular follow-up starting from initiation of steroid therapy with an ophthalmologist. Over the counter issue of topical corticosterids should be strongly discouraged in this regard.

This analysis of secondary glaucomas helps identify the five common primary pathologies as trauma, post vitrectomy, adherent leukomas, pseudophakia and aphakia.

 
  References Top

1.
Resnikoff S, Pascolini D, Etya'ale D, Kocur I, Pararajasegaram R, Pokharel GP, et al. Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002. Bull World Health Organ 2004;82:844-51.  Back to cited text no. 1
[PUBMED]  [FULLTEXT]  
2.
Sihota R, Sood NN, Agarwal HC. Secondary juvenile glaucomas in India. Indian J Ophthalmol. 1991;39:94-6  Back to cited text no. 2
[PUBMED]  Medknow Journal  
3.
Ramakrishnan R, Nirmalan PK, Krishnadas R, Thulasiraj RD, Tielsch JM, Katz J, et al. Glaucoma in a rural population of southern India: The Aravind comprehensive eye survey. Ophthalmology 2004;111:331.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Yamamoto T, Iwase A, Araie M, Suzuki Y, Abe H, Shirato S, et al. The Tajimi Study Report 2-Prevalence of Primary angle closure and secondary glaucoma in a Japanese population. Ophthalmology 2005;112:1661-9.  Back to cited text no. 4
[PUBMED]  [FULLTEXT]  
5.
Agarwal HC, Sood NN, Kalra BR, Ghosh B. Secondary glaucoma. Indian J Ophthalmol 1982;30:121-4.  Back to cited text no. 5
[PUBMED]  Medknow Journal  
6.
Das J, Bhomaj S, Chaudhuri Z, Sharma P, Negi A, Dasgupta A. Profile of glaucoma in a major eye hospital in north India. Indian J Ophthalmol 2001;49:25-30.  Back to cited text no. 6
[PUBMED]  Medknow Journal  
7.
Teikari JM, O'Donnell J. Epidemiologic data on adult glaucomas: Data from the hospital discharge registry and the registry of right to free medication. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1989;67:184-91.  Back to cited text no. 7
[PUBMED]    
8.
Qureshi MB, Khan MD, Shah MN, Ahmad K. Glaucoma admissions and surgery in public sector tertiary care hospitals in pakistan: Results of a national study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2006;13:115-9.  Back to cited text no. 8
[PUBMED]  [FULLTEXT]  
9.
Honavar SG, Goyal M, Majji AB, Sen PK, Naduvilath T, Dandona L. Glaucoma after pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil injection for complicated retinal detachments. Ophthalmology 1999;106:169-76.  Back to cited text no. 9
[PUBMED]  [FULLTEXT]  
10.
Ellong A, Ebana MC, Nyouma ME, Bella HA, Ngosso A, Njoh LC. Post-traumatic glaucoma with irido-corneal angle injuries in Cameroon. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol 2005;298:21-8.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Girkin CA, McGwin G Jr, Long C, Morris R, Kuhn F. Glaucoma after ocular contusion: A cohort study of the United States eye injury registry. J Glaucoma 2005;14:470-3.  Back to cited text no. 11
[PUBMED]  [FULLTEXT]  
12.
Sihota R, Sood NN, Agarwal HC. Traumatic glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 1995;73:252-4.  Back to cited text no. 12
[PUBMED]    



 
 
    Tables

  [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4]


This article has been cited by
1 Next generation therapeutics for retinal neurodegenerative diseases
Matthew B. Appell, Jahnavi Pejavar, Ashwin Pasupathy, Sri Vishnu Kiran Rompicharla, Saed Abbasi, Kiersten Malmberg, Patricia Kolodziejski, Laura M. Ensign
Journal of Controlled Release. 2024; 367: 708
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
2 Clinical analysis of secondary glaucoma in Central China
Qian Liu, Changgeng Liu, Wenjun Cheng, Xiaomei Feng, Haijun Li, Xiaoyuan Yang, Yangzeng Dong
Scientific Reports. 2023; 13(1)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
3 Prevalence of glaucoma types, clinical profile and disease severity at presentation: Tertiary Institute based cross-sectional study from South India
Praveen Kumar Seth, Sirisha Senthil, Anthony Vipin Das, Chandrasekar Garudadri
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2023; 71(10): 3305
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
4 A case report of phacolytic glaucoma in lens cortex behind posterior capsule: A CARE-compliant article
Rui-Juan Han, Ai-Jun Tian, Yi-Xiang Wu, Mei-Mei Zhou, Ying-Wei Guo, Ming-Yu Ren
Medicine. 2023; 102(44): e35784
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
5 Surgical Treatment in Silicone Oil-Associated Glaucoma
Catalin Cornacel, Otilia-Maria Dumitrescu, Alexandra Catalina Zaharia, Ruxandra Angela Pirvulescu, Mihnea Munteanu, Calin Petru Tataru, Sinziana Istrate
Diagnostics. 2022; 12(4): 1005
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
6 The profile of patients with secondary glaucoma
I. N. Isakov, A. V. Kuroyedov
National Journal glaucoma. 2022; 21(3): 64
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
7 Clinical profile and outcomes of neovascular glaucoma in the era of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor
VishweshSirish Malgi, Lisika Gawas, ArchanaSuresh Iyer, Aparna Rao
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2021; 69(10): 2728
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
8 A Clinical Study of Secondary Glaucoma with Special Reference to Its Proportion, Causes and Its Risk Factors in a Tertiary Care Hospital - A Cross Sectional Study
Partha Chakma, Debal Kisor Pal, Amar Kanti Chakma
Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare. 2021; 8(01): 23
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
9 Profile of Secondary Glaucoma at a Tertiary Hospital in East Java
Evelyn Komaratih, Yuyun Rindiastuti, Yulia Primitasari
Folia Medica Indonesiana. 2021; 56(1): 56
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
10 The Profile of Secondary Glaucoma in China: A Study of Over 10,000 Patients
Haijun Gong, Jiawei Ren, Bingru Zheng, Xiuyi Huang, Yunru Liao, Yuying Zhou, Mingkai Lin
Journal of Glaucoma. 2021; 30(10): 895
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
11 Incidence, individual, and macro level risk factors of severe binocular visual impairment and blindness in persons aged 50 and older
Daniel Kreft, Gabriele Doblhammer, Rudolf F. Guthoff, Stefanie Frech, Timo Eppig
PLOS ONE. 2021; 16(5): e0251018
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
12 Outcomes and Reasons for Late Presentation of Lens Induced Glaucoma
Ruksana Ayub, Lisa M. Tom, Rengaraj Venkatesh, Kavitha Srinivasan
Ophthalmology Glaucoma. 2021; 4(5): 504
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
13 Outcomes of neovascular glaucoma in eyes presenting with moderate to good visual potential
Padmaja Kumari Rani, Piyali Sen, Niroj Kumar Sahoo, Sirisha Senthil, Renuka Chakurkar, Manju Anup, Umesh Chandra Behera, Sobha Sivaprasad, Taraprasad Das
International Ophthalmology. 2021; 41(7): 2359
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
14 A clinical study of secondary glaucoma
Suresh Ramanarao, Divya Jain
Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 2020; 6(1): 5
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
15 A STUDY OF PROFILE OF GLAUCOMA IN A PERIPHERAL MEDICAL COLLEGE IN WEST BENGAL
Swati Majumdar, Suman Mukherjee
Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare. 2018; 5(42): 2968
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
16 Prognosis of different glaucomas seen at a tertiary center: A 10-year overview
Ramanjit Sihota, Neha Midha, Harathy Selvan, Talvir Sidhu, DeepaR Swamy, Ajay Sharma, Amisha Gupta, Viney Gupta, Tanuj Dada, Sunil Chaudhary
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2017; 65(2): 128
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
17 LONG-TERM SUCCESS OF MITOMYCIN-AUGMENTED TRABECULECTOMY FOR GLAUCOMA AFTER VITREORETINAL SURGERY WITH SILICONE OIL INSERTION
Digvijay Singh,Anuradha Chandra,Ramanjit Sihota,Sandip Kumar,Viney Gupta
Retina. 2014; 34(1): 123
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
18 Clinical Profile of Uveitis-Related Ocular Hypertension
Deepankur Mahajan,Reetika Sharma,Sat Pal Garg,Pradeep Venkatesh,Ramanjit Sihota,Tanuj Dada
International Ophthalmology. 2014;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
19 Acute angle closure glaucoma (AACG): An important differential diagnosis for acute severe headache
Renton, B.J., Bastawrous, A.
Acute Medicine. 2011; 10(2): 77-78
[Pubmed]
20 Unusual Presentation of Phacolytic Glaucoma: Simulating Microbial Keratitis
Srikant Kumar Sahu, Siddharth Keswarwani, Ruchi Mittal
Case Reports in Ophthalmological Medicine. 2011; 2011: 1
[VIEW] | [DOI]
21 The effect of endotamponades on intraocular pressure in eyes operated by 23 gauge pars plana vitrectomy technique | [23 gauge transkonjonktival sütürsüz pars plana vitrektomi uygulanan gözlerde göz içi tamponadlarin göz içi basincina etkisi]
Yazici, A.T., Dündar, H., Kara, N., Alagöz, N., Bozkurt, E., Yüksel, K., Çakir, M., Demirok, A.
Retina-Vitreus. 2010; 18(4): 305-309
[Pubmed]
22 Presentation of glaucoma in an urban tertiary care hospital in South America: legal blindness and prevalence
Tammy Hentona Osaki, Niro Kasahara, Mauricio Della Paolera, Ralph Cohen, Maria Cristina Nishiwaki-Dantas
International Ophthalmology. 2010; 30(4): 361
[VIEW] | [DOI]
23 Acute angle closure glaucoma following head and orbital trauma
Tse, D.M.L., Titchener, A.G., Sarkies, N., Robinson, S.
Emergency Medicine Journal. 2009; 26(12): 913
[Pubmed]
24 Types and presentation of glaucoma
Iqbal, S., Khan, Z., Shah, S.A., Khan, M.Y.
JPMI - Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute. 2008; 22(4): 324-332
[Pubmed]



 

Top
 
 
  Search
 
    Similar in PUBMED
   Search Pubmed for
   Search in Google Scholar for
 Related articles
    Access Statistics
    Email Alert *
    Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)  

 
  In this article
Abstract
Materials and Me...
Results
Discussion
References
Article Tables

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed7994    
    Printed143    
    Emailed6    
    PDF Downloaded971    
    Comments [Add]    
    Cited by others 24    

Recommend this journal