• Users Online: 43888
  • Home
  • Print this page
  • Email this page

   Table of Contents      
COMMUNITY OPHTHALMOLOGY
Year : 2012  |  Volume : 60  |  Issue : 5  |  Page : 464-469

The challenges in improving outcome of cataract surgery in low and middle income countries


1 International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
2 Pushpagiri Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
3 Presbyterian Eye Services, Acha-Bafoussam, Cameroon
4 Allen Foster Research Centre for Community Eye Health, International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye Care, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India

Date of Submission12-Jun-2012
Date of Acceptance25-Jul-2012
Date of Web Publication4-Sep-2012

Correspondence Address:
Robert Lindfield
International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London
United Kingdom
Login to access the Email id

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.100552

Rights and Permissions
  Abstract 

Cataract is the leading cause of blindness globally and surgery is the only known measure to deal with it effectively. Providing high quality cataract surgical services is critical if patients with cataract are to have their sight restored. A key focus of surgery is the outcome of the procedure. In cataract surgery this is measured predominantly, using visual acuity. Population- and hospital-based studies have revealed that the visual outcome of cataract surgery in many low and middle income settings is frequently sub-optimal, often failing to reach the recommended standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Another way of measuring outcome of cataract surgery is to ask patients for their views on whether surgery has changed the functioning of their eyes and their quality of life. There are different tools available to capture patient views and now, these patient-reported outcomes are becoming more widely used. This paper discusses the visual outcome of cataract surgery and frames the outcome of surgery within the context of the surgical service, suggesting that the process and outcome of care cannot be separated. It also discusses the components of patient-reported outcome tools and describes some available tools in more detail. Finally, it describes a hierarchy of challenges that need to be addressed before a high quality cataract surgical service can be achieved.

Keywords: Cataract surgery, clinical outcome, patient-reported outcome, quality improvement, quality


How to cite this article:
Lindfield R, Vishwanath K, Ngounou F, Khanna RC. The challenges in improving outcome of cataract surgery in low and middle income countries . Indian J Ophthalmol 2012;60:464-9

How to cite this URL:
Lindfield R, Vishwanath K, Ngounou F, Khanna RC. The challenges in improving outcome of cataract surgery in low and middle income countries . Indian J Ophthalmol [serial online] 2012 [cited 2024 Mar 28];60:464-9. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/ijo/pages/default.aspx/text.asp?2012/60/5/464/100552

Cataract is the leading cause of blindness (visual acuity worse than 20/400 in the better eye with best correction) worldwide with an estimated 18 million people thought to be affected. [1] Approximately 90% of cataract blindness occurs in low and middle income countries (LMICs).

Cataract is closely associated with aging, with exogenous (UV radiation, trauma) and endogenous (genetics, diabetes, and others) risk factors being less important.

There are no known preventive strategies for cataract and the mainstay of treatment is cataract surgery. Cataract surgery is one of the most common surgical procedures performed worldwide and the numbers are on the rise. It is also has been shown to be one of the most cost-effective surgical interventions. [2]

There is evidence that the cataract surgical outcomes (CSOs) in many LMICs are suboptimal. To improve poor outcome and avoid converting 'curable' to 'incurable' blindness, it is recognized that it is important to understand that outcomes are influenced by the whole cataract surgical service and implement a quality improvement program. This paper explores the challenges in trying to improve outcome.


  What is 'Outcome' of Cataract Surgery? Top


There are two methods of measuring outcome of cataract surgery; using a clinical indicator such as visual acuity or contrast sensitivity, or using a patient report of function or quality of life (or other types of subjective outcome).

There is a relationship between the two types of outcome [Figure 1].
Figure 1: Relationship between types of outcome of cataract surgery

Click here to view


A patient can report a good outcome without an improvement in clinically assessed indicator (i.e., improved vision) and conversely vision can improve without the patient reporting an improvement in quality of life. However, most usually there is an association between good clinical outcome and good patient reports. [3]

Outcome in most studies has been solely defined using clinical outcomes, usually based on visual acuity.


  Outcome of Cataract Surgery Top


Both population- and hospital-based studies have shown that cataract surgical visual outcomes (CSVOs) in LMICs are variable. [Table 1] shows visual outcomes in a range of different low and middle income settings.
Table 1: Percentage of poor outcome (BCVA<20/200) following cataract surgery in low and middle income countries

Click here to view


The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that less than 5% of patients should have a visual outcome of worse than 20/200 with best correction. [31] [Table 1] shows that visual outcomes in many countries failed to reach this level. The information must be interpreted with care because it includes hospital-based studies that do not necessarily represent standard outcomes achieved across all centers and surgeries from different providers at different times. However, it shows that poor outcomes are common in many different LMICs.


  Causes of Poor Outcome after Cataract Surgery Top


Poor visual outcome can be due to patient-related factors and/or service-related factors [Table 2].
Table 2: Description of causes of poor outcome after cataract surgery

Click here to view


'Patient-reasons' are those that are specific to each patient and n ot related to the service provided. The service can do little to alter the visual outcome in these cases. However, in certain instances, for example, posterior capsule opacification, the visual outcome can be improved with treatment.

'Service-reasons' are related to the service provided to the patient and are directly preventable by the altering the service. Poor visual outcome as a result of service factors, such as surgical complications, are unavoidable and are frequently due to human error or equipment malfunction. However, the service should have, in place, systems to reduce the likeliness of these errors.


  Why is Poor Outcome after Cataract Surgery an Important Issue? Top


It has been established that those with poor vision, following cataract surgery in LMICs, are less likely to have an improved quality of life. [32]

In addition, it has been found that rumors about poor outcome within communities decrease the demand for surgery. [33] While this is only one of several reasons for refusing surgery it is important for service providers to maximize good outcomes so rumors such as this are minimized.


  Addressing Poor Outcome Following Cataract Surgery Top


Several studies, shown in [Table 1], suggest further training or changing surgical techniques to improve outcome but none have tested these suggestions.

A study in Kenya assessed whether outcomes could be improved using outcome indicators. [34] Surgical teams received outcome data over a year and it was seen that good (VA better than 20/70) outcomes increased from 77% to 89%. The authors explained that complication rates had decreased but they did not explore why these changes had occurred. Patients with preexisting eye diseases were not included in this study.


  Outcome as Part of Quality Top


Donabedian described the outcome of health care as being related to both structure (the characteristics of the health care provider including human, physical, and financial resources) and process (the interaction between clinician and patient both technical and interpersonal). [35]

Donabedian suggested that structure, process, and outcome of care should be considered when defining a high quality service. [35] This means that it is not appropriate to focus only on one aspect of care to improve outcomes; all components of the 'care pathway' should be addressed, from consent to surgical technique. This holistic view of the factors affecting outcome of surgery complicates the process of addressing poor outcomes but suggests that the only way to effectively improve outcome is to consider the whole care pathway.


  Measuring Outcome of Cataract Surgery Top


Patient reports

A patient reported outcome (PRO) has been defined as 'measurement of any aspect of a patient's health status that is reported directly by the patient, free of interpretation by a physician, researcher, or other person. It is an account of how the patient functions or feels relative to a health condition or therapy.' [36]

There are many different methods of assessing the outcome of cataract surgery from a patient perspective. These include measures of satisfaction, symptom scores, and quality of life taking into consideration vision and health.

PROs tend to be questionnaires that patients complete by rating aspects of their health, usually by giving a score. The score from each question is combined to provide an overall score. Analyses of PRO results tend to focus on a change in scores after an episode of care.

PROs have been developed and validated in many clinical settings including eye care. A common PRO used in eye care is the 14 item visual function index (VF-14) - a questionnaire with 14 questions related to eye health. [37] [Table 3] lists the main questions in the VF-14. The VF-14 has been widely used and validated in different populations.
Table 3: Domains of the 14 item Visual Function Questionnaire

Click here to view


It is also possible to combine different PROs in the same questionnaire. A questionnaire originally developed in India combined visual function and quality of life measures (VF-QoL). [38] It has been used widely in different LMICs. [39],[40],[41],[42],[43]

Despite widespread use of PROs in studies from LMICs, very few studies in these settings have examined visual function or vision-related quality of life for the same individuals before and after cataract surgery. [Table 4] describes some of the studies that have explored this. Only a single vision-related quality of life or visual function domain is presented in the table despite the studies using several different domains. Every domain showed a significant improvement after surgery.
Table 4: Studies from low and middle income countries that explored visual function and/or vision-related quality of life in the same patients pre- and postcataract surgery

Click here to view


Issues with PROs

There are several factors that affect the use of PROs. A PRO has to be carefully validated before being used. [Table 5] describes the features of a validated PRO that should be considered prior to selecting it. [47]
Table 5: Features of a validated patient reported outcome tool

Click here to view


If a PRO has not been validated for a specific population then care must be taken when using it as the results may not be reliable. [Table 6] describes a PRO developed in India.
Table 6: Example of a patient-reported outcome tool developed for low and middle income settings

Click here to view


Another issue with the use of PROs in clinical practice is that they do not provide any information about the service. This means that, if patients are not reporting an improvement in function or quality of life following cataract surgery, it is not possible to establish where the problem lies in the service. PROs need to obtain more information to be more effective.


  Clinical Outcome Top


Good clinical outcomes are an integral part of a high quality service.


  The Importance of Clinical Outcome in Cataract Surgery Top


There are many ways of measuring clinical outcome after cataract surgery. These include visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, complication rates, among others.

Unlike other health conditions, clinical outcomes, such as visual acuity, in cataract surgery, are relatively simple to measure. They are easily quantified and can be used to show pre- and postoperative changes. They can also be standardized across hospitals making it convenient to compare the proportion of patients with a certain postoperative visual acuity with that in a different hospital.

However, poor visual outcome postsurgery cannot be used in isolation. It needs to take into consideration the patient's situation and is not necessarily a marker of poor surgery. To understand the context of the outcome, it is important to capture information on preoperative morbidity (patient-related reason for poor outcome). Capturing markers of preoperative morbidity and visual loss in a group of patients is called the 'case mix.' [50],[51]

It is also critical to collect information about intra-operative complications as a high complication rate can be associated with poor surgical technique or patient management.


  Tools to Collect Information on Clinical Outcomes Top


Various tools are used to collect information on patient demography, pre- and postoperative visual acuity, preoperative ocular morbidity, type of surgery, and complications.

Open-access computer software specifically for use in LMICs is available.


  Challenges to Improving the Outcome of Cataract Surgery Top


Challenges to improve outcome of cataract surgery vary depending on the location where surgery is conducted. The complexity of assuring a good outcome means that all the basic building blocks of providing cataract surgery have to be in place (e.g., equipment/consumables, infrastructure, and staffing) before monitoring and follow up can begin. These need to be present before patient-centered care can occur (defined as providing care that is respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs, and values and ensuring that patient values guide all clinical decisions). [52]

The level of development of the health system and hospital determines the level at which the challenge in assuring optimal outcomes is faced [Table 7].
Table 7: Hierarchy of Challenges in improving outcome

Click here to view


For example, a basic hospital in a low income country might struggle to provide biometry before cataract surgery. This will compromise outcome despite the availability of well trained, competent surgeons, and the use of intraocular lenses. A hospital in a middle income country might have the necessary equipment, consumables, staffing, skills, and infrastructure but might struggle with following up on patients (ensuring that their refractive error is corrected) or monitoring outcomes.

Addressing these challenges depends on the functioning of the hospital and its operations. A low income setting will require different approaches to improve quality when compared with those taken by a high income hospital. This makes understanding the context of the hospital critical before making any changes to improve outcome.


  Monitoring Top


A critical component in improving outcome is monitoring. In the absence of monitoring, it is not possible to assess what needs to change and difficult to determine the impact of any interventions designed to change the service.

A regular clinical (medical) audit by the service provider is a good way of monitoring clinical outcome.

Monitoring is time consuming and expensive. Often there is resistance from medical staff as they feel that monitoring outcome is also a measure of their performance. However, without an effective monitoring system it is not possible to assess whether the service being provided is effective.

Monitoring clinical outcomes is usually simpler than monitoring patient reports. Patient reports add a further level of complexity into the monitoring system as they require a different approach to collect, comprehend, and disseminate.


  Summary Top


Evidence suggests that the clinical outcome of surgery in many LMICs is sub-optimal. However, outcome of cataract surgery is integrally linked to every aspect of the cataract surgical service and as a result the process of improving outcome is complicated.

When addressing poor outcome the relative development of the cataract surgical service must be assessed and any planned interventions must reflect this development. For example, there is no point in investing in patient-centered care when there is no surgeon.

The complexity of measuring outcome must be tempered by the necessity to collect outcome, both clinical and patient reports. Without outcome data it is not possible to assess the effectiveness of the service, or address issues in the service.


  Conclusion Top


Collecting information on clinical and patient reported outcome is critical for every cataract surgical service to continue to improve. Monitoring outcome should be as integral to the service as performing the surgery.

 
  References Top

1.
Pascolini D, Mariotti SP. Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010. Br J Ophthalmol 2012;96:614-18.  Back to cited text no. 1
[PUBMED]    
2.
Foster A, Gilbert C, Johnson G. Changing patterns in global blindness: 1988-2008. Community Eye Health 2008;21:37-9.  Back to cited text no. 2
[PUBMED]    
3.
Lamoureux EL, Fenwick E, Pesudovs K, Tan D. The impact of cataract surgery on quality of life. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2011;22:19-27.  Back to cited text no. 3
[PUBMED]    
4.
Muller A, Zerom M, Limburg H, Ghebrat Y, Meresie G, Fessahazion K, et al. Results of a Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness (RAAB) in Eritrea. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2011;18:103-8.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Kalua K, Lindfield R, Mtupanyama M, Mtumodzi D, Msiska V. Findings from a Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness (RAAB) in Southern Malawi. PLoS One 2011;6:e19226.  Back to cited text no. 5
[PUBMED]    
6.
Habiyakire C, Kabona G, Courtright P, Lewallen S. Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness and cataract surgical services in kilimanjaro region, Tanzania. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2010;17:90-4.  Back to cited text no. 6
[PUBMED]    
7.
Mathenge W, Kuper H, Limburg H, Polack S, Onyango O, Nyaga G, et al. Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness in Nakuru district, Kenya. Ophthalmology 2007;114:599-605.  Back to cited text no. 7
[PUBMED]    
8.
Mathenge W, Nkurikiye J, Limburg H, Kuper H. Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness in Western Rwanda: Blindness in a postconflict setting. PLoS Med 2007;4:e217.  Back to cited text no. 8
[PUBMED]    
9.
Oye JE, Kuper H. Prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment in Limbe urban area, South West Province, Cameroon. Br J Ophthalmol 2007;91:1435-9.  Back to cited text no. 9
[PUBMED]    
10.
Xiao B, Kuper H, Guan C, Bailey K, Limburg H. Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness in three counties, Jiangxi Province, China. Br J Ophthalmol 2010;94:1437-42.  Back to cited text no. 10
[PUBMED]    
11.
Zhao J, Ellwein LB, Cui H, Ge J, Guan H, Lv J, et al. Prevalence and Outcomes of Cataract Surgery in Rural China: The China Nine-Province Survey. Ophthalmology 2010;117:2120-8.  Back to cited text no. 11
[PUBMED]    
12.
Liu B, Xu L, Wang YX, Jonas JB. Prevalence of Cataract Surgery and Postoperative Visual Outcome in Greater Beijing: The Beijing Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2009;116:1322-31.  Back to cited text no. 12
[PUBMED]    
13.
Bassett KL, Noertjojo K, Liu L, Wang FS, Tenzing C, Wilkie A, et al. Cataract surgical coverage and outcome in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Br J Ophthalmol 2005;89:5-9.  Back to cited text no. 13
[PUBMED]    
14.
Kandel RP, Sapkota YD, Sherchan A, Sharma MK, Aghajanian J, Bassett KL. Cataract surgical outcome and predictors of outcome in Lumbini Zone and Chitwan District of Nepal. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2010;17:276-81.  Back to cited text no. 14
[PUBMED]    
15.
Amansakhatov S, Volokhovskaya ZP, Afanasyeva AN, Limburg H. Cataract blindness in Turkmenistan: Results of a national survey. Br J Ophthalmol 2002;86:1207-10.  Back to cited text no. 15
[PUBMED]    
16.
Bourne R, Dineen B, Jadoon Z, Lee PS, Khan A, Johnson GJ, et al. Outcomes of cataract surgery in Pakistan: Results from The Pakistan National Blindness and Visual Impairment Survey. Br J Ophthalmol 2007;91:420-6.  Back to cited text no. 16
[PUBMED]    
17.
Haider S, Hussain A, Limburg H. Cataract blindness in Chakwal District, Pakistan: Results of a survey. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2003;10:249-58.  Back to cited text no. 17
[PUBMED]    
18.
Wadud Z, Kuper H, Polack S, Lindfield R, Akm MR, Choudhury KA, et al. Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness and needs assessment of cataract surgical services in Satkhira District, Bangladesh. Br J Ophthalmol 2006;90:1225-9.  Back to cited text no. 18
[PUBMED]    
19.
Arieta CE, de Oliveira DF, Lupinacci AP, Novaes P, Paccola M, Jose NK, et al. Cataract remains an important cause of blindness in Campinas, Brazil. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2009;16:58-63.  Back to cited text no. 19
[PUBMED]    
20.
Beltranena F, Casasola K, Silva JC, Limburg H. Cataract Blindness in 4 Regions of Guatemala: Results of a Population-Based Survey. Ophthalmology 2007;114:1558-63.  Back to cited text no. 20
[PUBMED]    
21.
Eusebio C, Kuper H, Polack S, Enconado J, Tongson N, Dionio D, et al. Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness in Negros Island and Antique District, Philippines. Br J Ophthalmol 2007;91:1588-92.  Back to cited text no. 21
[PUBMED]    
22.
van der Hoek J. Three months follow up of IOL implantation in remote eye camps in Nepal. Int Ophthalmol 1997;21:195-7.  Back to cited text no. 22
[PUBMED]    
23.
Karki P, Shrestha K, Shrestha JB. Hospital-based community cataract surgery: Comparison of visual outcomes between conventional extra-capsular cataract extraction and small incision cataract surgery. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2009;1:118-22.  Back to cited text no. 23
[PUBMED]    
24.
Surka J, Hussain S. Outcome of high-volume cataract surgery at an academic hospital. S Afr Med J 2001;91:771-4.  Back to cited text no. 24
[PUBMED]    
25.
Malik AR, Qazi ZA, Gilbert C. Visual outcome after high volume cataract surgery in Pakistan. Br J Ophthalmol 2003;87:937-40.  Back to cited text no. 25
    
26.
Kothari M, Thomas R, Parikh R, Braganza A, Kuriakose T, Muliyil J. The incidence of vitreous loss and visual outcome in patients undergoing cataract surgery in a teaching hospital. Indian J Ophthalmol 2003;51:45-52.  Back to cited text no. 26
[PUBMED]  Medknow Journal  
27.
Lalitha P, Rajagopalan J, Prakash K, Ramasamy K, Prajna NV, Srinivasan M. Postcataract endophthalmitis in South India incidence and outcome. Ophthalmology 2005;112:1884-9.  Back to cited text no. 27
[PUBMED]    
28.
Talukder AK, Bhuiyan SI, Zakia S, Hussain MI. Impaired visual outcome after cataract surgery. Mymensingh Med J 2009;18 Suppl 1:S15-9.  Back to cited text no. 28
    
29.
Ezegwui IR, Ajewole J. Monitoring cataract surgical outcome in a Nigerian mission hospital. Int Ophthalmol 2009;29:7-9.  Back to cited text no. 29
[PUBMED]    
30.
Ashaye AO, Komolafe OO. Visual outcome of cataract surgery in University College Hospital, Ibadan Nigeria. West Afr J Med 2009;28:102-5.  Back to cited text no. 30
[PUBMED]    
31.
World Health Organization. Informal consultation on analysis of blindness prevention outcomes. Geneva: WHO; 1998.  Back to cited text no. 31
    
32.
Polack S, Eusebio C, Mathenge W, Wadud Z, Mamunur AK, Fletcher A, et al. The impact of cataract surgery on health related quality of life in Kenya, the Philippines, and Bangladesh. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2010;17:387-99.  Back to cited text no. 32
[PUBMED]    
33.
Briesen S, Geneau R, Roberts H, Opiyo J, Courtright P. Understanding why patients with cataract refuse free surgery: The influence of rumours in Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 2010;15:534-9.  Back to cited text no. 33
[PUBMED]    
34.
Yorston D, Gichuhi S, Wood M, Foster A. Does prospective monitoring improve cataract surgery outcomes in Africa? Br J Opthalmol 2002;86:543-7.  Back to cited text no. 34
[PUBMED]    
35.
Donabedian A. The quality of care. How can it be assessed? JAMA 1988;260:1743-8.  Back to cited text no. 35
[PUBMED]    
36.
Varma R, Richman EA, Ferris FL, Bressler NM. Use of Patient-Reported Outcomes in Medical Product Development: A Report from the 2009 NEI/FDA Clinical Trial Endpoints Symposium. Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci 2010;51:6095-103.  Back to cited text no. 36
    
37.
Steinberg EP, Tielsch JM, Schein OD, Javitt JC, Sharkey P, Cassard SD, et al. The VF-14: An Index of Functional Impairment in Patients With Cataract. Arch Ophthalmol 1994;112:630-8.  Back to cited text no. 37
[PUBMED]    
38.
Fletcher AE, Ellwein LB, Selvaraj S, Vijaykumar V, Rahmathullah R, Thulasiraj RD. Measurements of vision function and quality of life in patients with cataracts in southern India. Report of instrument development. Arch Ophthalmol 1997;115:767-74.  Back to cited text no. 38
[PUBMED]    
39.
He M, Xu J, Li S, Wu K, Munoz SR, Ellwein LB. Visual acuity and quality of life in patients with cataract in Doumen County, China. Ophthalmology 1999;106:1609-15.  Back to cited text no. 39
[PUBMED]    
40.
Tran HM, Mahdi AM, Sivasubramaniam S, Gudlavalleti MV, Gilbert CE, Shah SP, et al. Quality of life and visual function in Nigeria: Findings from the National Survey of Blindness and Visual Impairment. Br J Ophthalmol 2011;95:1646-51.  Back to cited text no. 40
[PUBMED]    
41.
Taylor AE, Shah SP, Gilbert CE, Jadoon MZ, Bourne RR, Dineen B, et al. Visual function and quality of life among visually impaired and cataract operated adults. The Pakistan National Blindness and Visual Impairment Survey. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2008;15:242-9.  Back to cited text no. 41
[PUBMED]    
42.
Zhao J, Sui R, Jia L, Fletcher AE, Ellwein LB. Visual acuity and quality of life outcomes in patients with cataract in Shunyi County, China. Am J Opthalmol 1998;126:515-23.  Back to cited text no. 42
[PUBMED]    
43.
Schemann JF, Leplege A, Keita T, Resnikoff S. From visual function deficiency to handicap: Measuring visual handicap in Mali. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2002;9:133-48.  Back to cited text no. 43
    
44.
Maki J, Kusakul S, Morley K, Sanguansak T, Seddon J, Hartung L, et al. The effect of glasses on visual function following cataract surgery in a cataract camp. Br J Ophthalmol 2008;92:883-7.  Back to cited text no. 44
[PUBMED]    
45.
Fletcher A, Vijaykumar V, Selvaraj S, Thulasiraj RD, Ellwein LB. The Madurai Intraocular Lens Study III: Visual functioning and quality of life outcomes. Am J Ophthalmol 1998;125:26-35.  Back to cited text no. 45
[PUBMED]    
46.
Mamidipudi PR, Vasavada AR, Merchant SV, Namboodiri V, Ravilla TD. Quality-of-life and visual function assessment after phacoemulsification in an urban indian population. J Cataract Refract Surg 2003;29:1143-51.  Back to cited text no. 46
[PUBMED]    
47.
Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Group . Selection criteria. Oxford: University of Oxford. http://phi.uhce.ox.ac.uk/instruments.php [Last accessed on 2012 Aug 6]  Back to cited text no. 47
    
48.
Gupta SK, Viswanath K, Thulasiraj RD, Murthy GV, Lamping DL, Smith SC, et al. The development of the Indian vision function questionnaire: Field testing and psychometric evaluation. Br J Ophthalmol 2005;89:621-7.  Back to cited text no. 48
[PUBMED]    
49.
Murthy GV, Gupta SK, Thulasiraj RD, Viswanath K, Donoghue EM, Fletcher AE. The development of the Indian vision function questionnaire: Questionnaire content. Br J Ophthalmol 2005;89:498-503.  Back to cited text no. 49
[PUBMED]    
50.
Habib MS, Bunce CV, Fraser SG. The role of case mix in the relation of volume and outcome in phacoemulsification. Br J Ophthalmol 2005;89:1143-6.  Back to cited text no. 50
[PUBMED]    
51.
Willerscheidt AB, Healey ML, Ireland M. Cataract surgery outcomes: Importance of co-morbidities in case mix. J Cataract Refract Surg 1995;21:177-81.  Back to cited text no. 51
[PUBMED]    
52.
Kings Fund. Patient-centred Care. London: Kings Fund; 2011. http://www.kingsfund.org.uk/topics/patientcentred_care/. [Last accessed on 2012 Aug 6]  Back to cited text no. 52
    


    Figures

  [Figure 1]
 
 
    Tables

  [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5], [Table 6], [Table 7]


This article has been cited by
1 Comparison of cataract surgery outcomes between a secondary and a tertiary eye hospital in Tamil Nadu, India
Ganesh-Babu Balu Subburaman, Anitha Gunasekaran, Sivakumar Chandrashekaran, Ravilla D. Ravindran, Frits van Merode, Logesh Balakrishnan, Thulasiraj Ravilla, Sachin Gupta
Eye. 2023;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
2 Carnosine and Beta-Alanine Supplementation in Human Medicine: Narrative Review and Critical Assessment
Ondrej Cesak, Jitka Vostalova, Ales Vidlar, Petra Bastlova, Vladimir Student
Nutrients. 2023; 15(7): 1770
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
3 Long-range frequency-domain optical delay line based on a spinning tilted mirror for low-cost ocular biometry
María Pilar Urizar, Enrique Gambra, Alberto de Castro, Álvaro de la Peña, Daniel Pascual, Onur Cetinkaya, Susana Marcos, Andrea Curatolo
Biomedical Optics Express. 2023; 14(12): 6521
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
4 Contextual factors affecting integration of eye health into school health programme in Zanzibar: a qualitative health system research
Ving Fai Chan, Elodie Yard, Eden Mashayo, Damaris Mulewa, Lesley Drake, Fatma Omar
BMC Health Services Research. 2023; 23(1)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
5 VISUAL OUTCOME AND SELF-SATISFACTION AFTER CATARACT SURGERY IN PATIENTS ATTENDING SHAHEED DR. ASO HOSPITAL, SULAIMANIYAH CITY, IRAQ
Bakhtiar Hamasalh
JOURNAL OF SULAIMANI MEDICAL COLLEGE. 2022; 12(3): 297
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
6 ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICE OF HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS REGARDING COVID-19 VIRUS
Bayan Sharif, Sara Mohammad, Zhino Ali, Varin Abbas, Shilan Ezadin, Avin Latif, Kazhal Hakim
JOURNAL OF SULAIMANI MEDICAL COLLEGE. 2022; 12(3): 303
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
7 Exploring eye care pathways, patient priorities and economics in Pakistan: A scoping review and expert consultation study with thematic analysis
Manal Malik, Niall Strang, Pauline Campbell, Sven Jonuscheit
Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 2022;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
8 IMPACT OF FELLOWSHIP TRAINING ON SURGICAL PRODUCTIVITY IN OPHTHALMOLOGY
Siddharth Sharma
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH. 2022; : 38
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
9 Cataract Surgery in Low-Income Countries: A Good Deal!
Steffen Flessa
Healthcare. 2022; 10(12): 2580
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
10 Application of Collagen I and IV in Bioengineering Transparent Ocular Tissues
Yihui Song, Morgan Overmass, Jiawen Fan, Chris Hodge, Gerard Sutton, Frank J. Lovicu, Jingjing You
Frontiers in Surgery. 2021; 8
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
11 The impact of distance cataract surgical wet laboratory training on cataract surgical competency of ophthalmology residents
Amelia Geary, Qing Wen, Rosa Adrianzén, Nathan Congdon, R. Janani, Danny Haddad, Clare Szalay Timbo, Yousuf M. Khalifa
BMC Medical Education. 2021; 21(1)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
12 Evaluation of postoperative refractive error correction after cataract surgery
Ellen Konadu Antwi-Adjei, Emmanuel Owusu, Emmanuel Kobia-Acquah, Emmanuella Esi Dadzie, Emmanuel Anarfi, Seth Wanye, Michael Mimouni
PLOS ONE. 2021; 16(6): e0252787
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
13 Changes in Eye Health and Service Coverage in Nampula, Mozambique between 2011 and 2018
Emma Jolley, Mércia Cumaio, Anselmo Vilanculos, Izidine Hassane, Kahaki Kimani, Kolawole Ogundimu, Elena Schmidt
Ophthalmic Epidemiology. 2021; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
14 Seven-year trends in cataract surgery indications and quality of outcomes at Aravind Eye Hospitals, India
Ravilla D. Ravindran, Sachin Gupta, Aravind Haripriya, Thulasiraj Ravilla, Ashok Vardhan S, Ganesh-Babu B. Subburaman
Eye. 2021; 35(7): 1895
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
15 l-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine templated anisotropic gold nano/micro-roses as potential disrupters/inhibitors of a-crystallin protein and its gleaned model peptide aggregates
Avneet Kour, Shikha Sharma, Taru Dube, Anjali Bisht, Manju Sharma, Jibanananda Mishra, Md. Ehesan Ali, Jiban Jyoti Panda
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2020; 163: 2374
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
16 Interventions to improve the quality of cataract services: protocol for a global scoping review
Miho Yoshizaki, Jacqueline Ramke, João M Furtado, Helen Burn, Stephen Gichuhi, Iris Gordon, Ada Aghaji, Ana P Marques, William H Dean, Nathan Congdon, John Buchan, Matthew J Burton
BMJ Open. 2020; 10(8): e036413
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
17 Phacoemulsification Cataract Surgery Affects the Discriminative Capacity of Iris Pattern Recognition
Ishan Nigam, Rohit Keshari, Mayank Vatsa, Richa Singh, Kevin Bowyer
Scientific Reports. 2019; 9(1)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
18 Long-term efficiency of cataract surgery with hydrophilic acrylic Ioflex intraocular lens
Priscilla A. Jorge, Camila Ribeiro Koch, Delano Jorge, Newton Kara-Junior
Clinics. 2017; 72(9): 543
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
19 OPHTHALMIC CONSULTATIONS IN A TEACHING HOSPITAL: DOES IT MAKE A DIFFERENCE IN THE PATIENT MANAGEMENT?
Rajani Kadri, Devika Parameshwar, Nupur Raina, Asha Achar, Ajay Kudva, Sudhir Hegde
Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare. 2015; 2(40): 6619
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
20 Benefits and risks of immediately sequential bilateral cataract surgery: a literature review
Van C Lansingh, Kristen A Eckert, Glenn Strauss
Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 2015; 43(7): 666
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
21 The Barrie Jones Lecture—Eye care for the neglected population: challenges and solutions
G N Rao
Eye. 2015; 29(1): 30
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
22 Foldable vs rigid lenses after phacoemulsification for cataract surgery: a randomised controlled trial
A Hennig,L R Puri,H Sharma,J R Evans,D Yorston
Eye. 2014;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
23 Evidence for integrating eye health into primary health care in Africa: A health systems strengthening approach
Du Toit, R., Faal, H.B., EtyaæAle, DMathenge, W., Courtright, P.
BMC Health Services Research. 2013; 13(1): 102
[Pubmed]



 

Top
 
 
  Search
 
    Similar in PUBMED
   Search Pubmed for
   Search in Google Scholar for
 Related articles
    Access Statistics
    Email Alert *
    Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)  

 
  In this article
Abstract
What is 'Outcome...
Outcome of Catar...
Causes of Poor O...
Why is Poor Outc...
Addressing Poor ...
Outcome as Part ...
Measuring Outcom...
Clinical Outcome
The Importance o...
Tools to Collect...
Challenges to Im...
Monitoring
Summary
Conclusion
References
Article Figures
Article Tables

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed6390    
    Printed141    
    Emailed0    
    PDF Downloaded402    
    Comments [Add]    
    Cited by others 23    

Recommend this journal