• Users Online: 67381
  • Home
  • Print this page
  • Email this page

   Table of Contents      
COMMUNITY EYE CARE
Year : 2014  |  Volume : 62  |  Issue : 4  |  Page : 482-486

Awareness, knowledge, and practice: A survey of glaucoma in north Indian rural residents


1 Smt Jadhavabai Nathmal Singhvee Glaucoma Services, Sankara Netharalaya, Chennai, Tamil Nadu; Radhaswamy Eye Hospital, Barwala, Hisar, Haryana, India
2 Radhaswamy Eye Hospital, Barwala, Hisar, Haryana, India

Date of Submission17-Jul-2012
Date of Acceptance14-Sep-2013
Date of Web Publication8-May-2014

Correspondence Address:
Parveen Rewri
Sankara Nethralaya, 18 College Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai - 600 006, Tamil Nadu
India
Login to access the Email id

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.132105

Rights and Permissions
  Abstract 

Background: Studies done on the prevalence of glaucoma have reported a high proportion of undiagnosed patients. Late diagnosis is related to increased risk of glaucoma associated with visual disability. Lack of awareness and non-availability of appropriate screening procedures are among the major reasons for non-diagnosis or late diagnosis of glaucoma. The present study has been undertaken to evaluate the level of awareness about glaucoma among the North Indian rural population. Materials and Methods: A group-administered, questionnaire-based survey, involving 5000 rural residents (aged 20 and above) was conducted through random sampling. The questionnaire was structured to evaluate the level of awareness and knowledge about glaucoma and the effect of gender, education status, and glaucoma diagnosis was also studied. The source of awareness about glaucoma was also questioned. Results: Of the 5000 individuals enrolled for the survey, responses from 4927 (98.5%; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 98.2 - 98.9) participants, including 3104 males (63%; 95% CI: 61.7 - 64.3) and 1823 females (37%; 95% CI: 35.7 - 38.3) were evaluated. A total of 409 (~8.3%; 95% CI: 7.6 - 9.14) respondents were aware about glaucoma and only 93 (1.89%; 95% CI: 1.55 - 2.31) were qualified as having knowledge about glaucoma as per the set questionnaire. Education was the only variable significantly correlated (P value < 0.001) with the awareness and knowledge of glaucoma out of the parameters included in this study. Close acquaintance with a glaucoma patient was the most common source of information. Conclusions: There is a lack of awareness about glaucoma among the rural residents of North India. The study findings stress the need to spread awareness about glaucoma for prevention of glaucoma-related blindness.

Keywords: Awareness, glaucoma, knowledge, North India


How to cite this article:
Rewri P, Kakkar M. Awareness, knowledge, and practice: A survey of glaucoma in north Indian rural residents. Indian J Ophthalmol 2014;62:482-6

How to cite this URL:
Rewri P, Kakkar M. Awareness, knowledge, and practice: A survey of glaucoma in north Indian rural residents. Indian J Ophthalmol [serial online] 2014 [cited 2024 Mar 29];62:482-6. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/ijo/pages/default.aspx/text.asp?2014/62/4/482/132105


  Introduction Top


Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide [1] and is estimated to affect over 11 million Indians. [2] India has been projected to be the second largest home of glaucoma cases by 2020. [3] Importance of early diagnosis in glaucoma cannot be underestimated, for its effective management and prevention of blindness. Early detection of glaucoma is often difficult due to its asymptomatic course in the initial stage, as also the lack of a viable screening tool. Studies have shown that 50 - 90% of the glaucoma cases remain undiagnosed [4],[5] and a large number of cases are diagnosed at a later stage of the disease. [6],[7] Lack of awareness about glaucoma is an important reason for its late presentation, [8],[9] which significantly increases the risk of blindness. [10] Awareness about its nature and risk factors is known to affect the behavior for seeking intervention; [11],[12] and this is especially important in a disease like glaucoma, which has an asymptomatic clinical course, at least in the initial stage. It is a given fact that patients will seek a screening procedure only if they are aware of the asymptomatic course, risk factors or consequences of glaucoma. Lack of awareness may not only influence the timing of the diagnosis, but also the utilization of eye care services. Assessment of awareness is the first step in the planning of disease management. In India, data published on the awareness of glaucoma mainly comes from southern [13],[14],[15] and central India. [16] To the best of our knowledge literature estimating the awareness about glaucoma is not available from northern India. The present study is designed to evaluate the awareness and knowledge about glaucoma among the rural residents of north India.


  Materials and Methods Top


The population-based study, using a group-administered questionnaire, was conducted in the rural block of the north Indian state of Haryana, from February to September 2010. The questionnaire was initially designed in English and then translated into the local language (Hindi). This translated version was applied to 30 patients or their attendant(s), coming to the Outpatient Department of our hospital, for adaptation to locally used terms and consistency. The questions not understood by the respondents were modified and re-tested on another 20 persons. Thus, based upon an 'interactive pilot survey' the questionnaire was validated. Consent for participation was obtained from the enrolled participants. The study was approved by the ethical sub-committee of the hospital and adhered to the tenets of the declaration of Helsinki.

The questionnaire had three sections: The first section pertaining to information about the patient's demographic characteristics (age, gender, education level, residential village). Section two, pertained to the patient's awareness and knowledge about glaucoma, through 10 questions (four questions evaluating their awareness and six assessing their knowledge). The questions were divided into awareness and knowledge sub-sections, by applying standard definitions of these terms. [17] Questions asked to assess knowledge required information and understanding of the subject gained through some source or learning, unlike the questions assessing awareness, which merely required information, without the need of understanding. The third section had two questions dealing with the source of information about glaucoma and any screening undertaken in the past one year. This information was used to assess the practice pattern, defined as activity undertaken to protect from the disease. Each question had three options, and the respondent had to tick (√) the response of their choice (Appendix 1) [Additional file 1]. This final version of the questionnaire was applied to the actual participants of the survey. The criterion for awareness and knowledge was set randomly, with at least 50 and 30% correct responses, respectively.

Five thousand individuals, aged above 20 years were enrolled by random sampling. The enrollment was done by arranging health camps in localities, at satellite centers, and at the main hospital center during the study period. Participation in the survey was voluntary. The approximate population of the block was 60,000 in 2001 census, at 95% confidence level, and a confidence interval (CI) of 1.5; the required sample size was 3985. The demographic details and literacy level of the participants were collected. Diagnosed cases of glaucoma were excluded from participating, as we believed they might have acquired information about glaucoma after diagnosis, which would affect the true assessment of the general population. However, the family member(s) or relative(s) were allowed to participate. The survey was done by trained optometrists, refractionists, and healthcare professionals, who had optimum knowledge about glaucoma and the questionnaire. The questionnaire began with the entry level question in the local language (Hindi) - 'kya aapne kala motia ke bare main suna hai? (Have you heard of glaucoma?)' If the response to this question was yes, the participants were allowed to take up the rest of the questions evaluating awareness and knowledge about glaucoma. Having heard about the term glaucoma (kala motia in Hindi) was not considered as awareness, because merely being aware of the term did not ensure awareness about the disease. However, not having heard the term itself meant lack of awareness [Figure 1]. Reading assistance to the illiterate participants, as well as explanations, if required, to any of the participants was provided; taking maximum care not to influence their response. Interviewer bias was checked by reviewing the trends of responses in terms of age or education level, at times.

Statistical package SSPS version 15.0 was used for data analysis. The Chi-square test was used to compare the relationship between these variables (awareness and knowledge) and individual characteristics - age, gender, education level, and odds ratio were calculated by logistic regression. All P values are reported were two-tailed and significance level was P < 0.05.
Figure 1: Flow chart depicting the scheme of survey

Click here to view



  Results Top


A total of five thousand enrolled participants from various villages of an administrative block of Barwala, in western Haryana, undertook the survey. Seventy-three questionnaires were rejected due to incomplete information. Responses from the remaining 4927 (98.5%) participants were analyzed. [Table 1] shows the demographic characteristics of the participants. The mean age (SD) was 52 (16) (age range 21-81) years. Males constituted the majority (63%; 95% CI: 61.7 - 64.3) of the participants. Someone with a diagnosis of glaucoma, either in the family, close relationships or friend's circle was declared by 104 (2.1%; 95% CI: 1.7 - 2.5) participants. Among the 1647 (33%; 95% CI: 32.1 - 34.7) illiterate participants, 1094 (66%; 95% 64.1 - 68.7) were males and 553 (34%; 95%:31.3 - 35.9) were females. Reading assistance from the questionnaire administrators was taken by 721 (43%; 95% CI: 41.4 - 46.2) of the illiterate participants; the rest of the illiterate participants took the help of an accompanying assistant. Explanation about questions was requested by 169 (3.5%; 95% CI: 2.9 - 3.9) participants.
Table 1: Demographic characteristics of the participants

Click here to view


A total of 3602 (73%; 95% CI: 71.8 - 74.3) participants had heard about glaucoma, 409 (8.3%; 95% CI: 7.60 - 9.14) were aware, and 93 (1.89%; 95% CI: 1.55 - 2.31) had some knowledge about glaucoma. Awareness of glaucoma was not statistically significant in terms of age (P = 0.37) and gender (P = 0.99). Literate participants were four times more likely to be aware and seven times more likely to be knowledgeable than illiterate participants (P value < 0.001). The level of education had a significant association with both awareness and knowledge. In addition, participants who were related or known to glaucoma patients were more likely to be aware and knowledgeable than other participants (Odds ratio: 3.69; 95% CI: 2.45 - 4.55).

A total of 1034 (21%; 95% CI: 19.94 - 22.61) participants understood the risk of familial predisposition to glaucoma. Only 34 (0.7%; 95% CI: 0.4 - 1.0) participants knew about the asymptomatic course of glaucoma. Awareness about the irreversible nature of vision loss in glaucoma was noted in 226 (4.6%; 95% CI: 3.92 - 5.28) of the responses. Six hundred and eighty-nine (14%; 95% CI: 12.71 - 14.96) responded that glaucoma could be treated, but 1921 (39%; 95% CI: 37.04 - 40.22) believed that glaucomatous eyes could not be operated upon. Interestingly, 2265 (46%; 95% CI: 43.9 - 47.19) of the respondents believed that glaucoma resulted from mature cataract [Figure 2].
Figure 2: Responses of percentage of participants to some of the questions asked to assess glaucoma awareness and knowledge (please refer to appendix 1 for complete question)

Click here to view


One hundred and forty-eight respondents (3%; 95% CI: 2.52 - 3.64) considered that screening could prevent glaucoma, but only 64 (1.3%; 95% CI: 0.9 - 1.7%) had undergone screening/consulted an ophthalmologist in the past one year.

Source of information about glaucoma among the respondents was also queried during the survey. Source of information for 2264 (46%; 95% CI: 44.6 - 47.4) participants was 'word of mouth' from family or friends. Another 1627 (33%; 95% CI: 31.7 - 34.3) participants had received information from visiting hospitals, medical personnel, eye camps or other healthcare recourses. Mass media was source of information for 1036 (21%; 95% CI: 19 - 22) of the participants .


  Discussion Top


This study assesses the awareness and knowledge about glaucoma among rural residents of northern India. The intent of this survey was to evaluate the understanding about the nature of glaucoma, that is, a subtle clinical course, irreversible loss, and the importance of screening, among the general population. Therefore, we did not try to evaluate the anatomical, physiological or technical aspect of the term 'glaucoma'. A large number of participants had heard about the local term used for glaucoma (kala motia), but very few were actually aware about it. People could confuse glaucoma for other eye conditions due to the similar terminology. [12],[18] We speculate it was one of the two reasons that made many participants respond that they had heard about glaucoma. The terms for cataract and glaucoma used in this part of India are quite similar, they are, 'safed-motia' for cataract and 'kala-motia' for glaucoma. Second, it might be due to the awareness about 'phacomorphic/phacogenic glaucoma,' as evident from fact that nearly 46% of the participants believed that glaucoma results from mature cataract. It was not uncommon for the eye-care personnel of this region to be repetitively asked, whether the cataract had changed to glaucoma or not (motia safed hai ya kala motia ho gaya hai?), by the patients coming for cataract evaluation.

We did not find any relationship between age or gender and glaucoma awareness, like many other studies. [8],[18],[19],[20] However, a relationship between glaucoma awareness and a particular gender or age [13],[14],[15],[16] has been noted previously. Relationship between gender norms and attitude and behavior are not fixed and vary with social, economic, and cultural factors; in fact it evolves with time. Similarly relationship between age and 'health related literacy' is not straightforward and is affected by many factors. [21],[22]

In this study, awareness and knowledge was better among individuals with higher elementary education and among close acquaintances of glaucoma patients. Similar trends were reported by other awareness prevalence studies. [8],[12],[13],[19],[20],[23] This observation signified the importance of education for awareness about the disease, as educated people were more likely to approach the source of information. [24]

Only a small fraction (0.7%) of the respondents knew that glaucoma was an asymptomatic disease, which was a matter of great concern. In a study by Lau et al., [25] 10% of the participants were aware about the symptom aspect of glaucoma. Lack of awareness could often lead to under-diagnosis and late presentation, as noted in several previous studies, [4],[5],[6],[7],[8],[9] and therefore, adversely affected the eye care-seeking behavior. [9],[10],[11],[12] Another concern was that very few persons knew about the irreversible nature of visual loss in glaucoma. Similar trends were noted in many previous studies. [13],[14],[18] We believe that, if individuals are aware about these two facts, that is, the asymptomatic course and irreversible loss of vision, it would favorably affect their attitude and concern about glaucoma.

Close acquaintances are the most common source of information on glaucoma. Many other studies have noted friends and family as the most common source of glaucoma information. [13],[18],[20] This observation has two aspects. First, to use glaucoma patients as a source of awareness to society, as notably suggested by Tenlir et al., [18] who recommended using known glaucoma patients to disseminate information about glaucoma. Second, it necessitates that heathcare personnel, health-related agencies, and mass media participate on a larger scale. This will not only help in increasing awareness, but will also provide authentic, reliable, updated and practical information about glaucoma. Studies from the UK have reported the successful role of media in increasing the awareness about glaucoma. [26]

Overall, the awareness about glaucoma in the Indian general population is poor, as estimated by population-based studies. [13],[14],[15],[16] Although our study results show a similar trend among rural north Indian residents, a direct comparison with other studies is difficult. The major difference among these studies is the definition of awareness. Although 'having heard of glaucoma' has been defined as awareness in most of these studies, we have used a set of questions to define awareness. The content and composition of the questionnaire have also differed, and in this study we have avoided more medical and technical terms. For example, we have framed questions targeting symptoms of the disease (vide appendix) rather than directly addressing intraocular pressure or loss of peripheral vision. [14],[15] Framing of questionnaire might have been done depending upon the target population in earlier studies. Unlike these studies we have not studied the impact of the socioeconomic status on the awareness and knowledge of glaucoma.

A limitation of the study is that interviewer bias could not be completely eliminated as an individual's expression, language, and style of explanation may affect the response of the participant.

In conclusion, the findings of our study shed light on the level of awareness and knowledge about glaucoma in rural north Indian residents. As awareness about glaucoma can lead to early detection, a very important step in preventing glaucoma-related blindness; [11] similarly educating masses will offer a promise of improving awareness. Furthermore, there is a need to identify interventions that reinforce people's attitude above the perceived level of awareness about glaucoma and to devise strategies that  can influence behavior to the risk of blindness from glaucoma.

 
  References Top

1.
Resnikoff S, Pascolini D, Etya'ale D, Kocur I, Pararajasegaram R, Pokharel GP, et al. Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002. Bull World Health Organ 2004;82:844-51.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
George R, Ve RS, Vijaya L. Glaucoma in India: Estimated burden of disease. J Glaucoma 2010; 19:391-7.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Quigley HA, Broman AT. The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020. Br J Ophthalmol 2006;90:262-7.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Tielsch JM, Sommer A, Katz J, Royall RM, Quigley HA, Javitt J. Racial variations in the prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma. The baltimore eye survey. JAMA 1991;266:369-74.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Vijaya L, George R, Baskaran M, Arvind H, Raju P, Ramesh SV, et al. Prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma in an urban South Indian population and comparison with a rural population. The Chennai glaucoma study. Ophthalmology 2008;115:648-54.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Kwon YH, Kim CS, Zimmerman MB, Alward WL, Hayreh SS. Rate of visual field loss and long-term visual outcome in primary open-angle glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 2001;132:47-56.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Oliver JE, Hattenhauer MG, Herman D, Hodge DO, Kennedy R, Fang-Yen M, et al. Blindness and glaucoma: A comparison of patients progressing to blindness from glaucoma with patients maintaining vision. Am J Ophthalmol 2002;133:764-72.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
Attebo K, Mitchell P, Cumming R, Smith W. Knowledge and beliefs about common eye diseases. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 1997;25:283-7.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Fraser S, Bunce C, Wormald R. Risk factors for late presentation in chronic glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999;40:2251-7.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Javitt JC. Preventing blindness in Americans: The need for eye health education. Surv Ophthalmol 1995;40:41-4.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Rosenstock IM. Why people use health services. Milbank Mem Fund Q 1966;44(Suppl):94-127.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.
Livingston PM, McCarty CA, Tylor HR. Knowledge, attitudes, and self care practices associated with age related eye disease in Australia. Br J Ophthalmol 1988;82:780-5.  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.
Dandona R, Dandona L, John RK, McCarty CA, Rao GN. Awareness of eye diseases in an urban population in Southern India. Bull World Health Organ 2001;79:96-102.  Back to cited text no. 13
    
14.
Krishnaiah S, Kovai V, Srinivas M, Shamanna BR, Rao GN, Thomas R. Awareness of glaucoma in the rural population of Southern India. Indian J Ophthalmol 2005;53:205-8.  Back to cited text no. 14
[PUBMED]  Medknow Journal  
15.
Sathyamangalam RV, Paul PG, George R, Baskaran M, Hemamalini A, Madan RV, et al. Determinants of glaucoma awareness and knowledge in urban Chennai. Indian J Ophthalmol 2009;57:355-60.  Back to cited text no. 15
[PUBMED]  Medknow Journal  
16.
Gogate P, Deshpande R, Chelerkar V, Deshpande S, Deshpande M. Is glaucoma blindness a disease of deprivation and ignorance? A case-control study for late presentation of glaucoma in India. Indian J Ophthalmol 2011;59:29-35.  Back to cited text no. 16
[PUBMED]  Medknow Journal  
17.
Available from: http://www.thefreedictionary.com. [Last accessed on 2009 Dec 12].  Back to cited text no. 17
    
18.
Tenkir A, Solomon B, Deribew A. Glaucoma awareness among people attending ophthalmic outreach services in Southwestern Ethiopia. BMC Ophthalmol 2010;10:17.  Back to cited text no. 18
    
19.
Hennis A, Wu SY, Nemesure B, Honkanen R, Leske MC. Barbados Eye Studies Group. Awareness of incident open-angle glaucoma in a population study: The barbados eye studies. Ophthalmology 2007;114:1816-21.  Back to cited text no. 19
    
20.
Pfeiffer N, Krieglstein GK, Wellek S. Knowledge about glaucoma in the unselected population: A German survey. J Glaucoma 2002;11:458-63.  Back to cited text no. 20
    
21.
Health literacy interventions and outcomes: An updated systemic review. Available from: http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/tp/lituptp.htm. [Last accessed on 2013 Apr 23].  Back to cited text no. 21
    
22.
Sørensen K, Van den Broucke S, Fullam J, Doyle G, Pelikan J, Slonska Z, et al. Health literacy and public health: A systematic review and integration of definitions and models. BMC Public Health 2012;12:80.  Back to cited text no. 22
    
23.
Saw SM, Gazzard G, Friedman D, Foster PJ, Devereux JG, Wong ML, et al. Awareness of glaucoma, and health beliefs of patients suffering primary acute angle closure. Br J Ophthalmol 2003;87:446-9.  Back to cited text no. 23
    
24.
Derman U, Serbest P. Cancer patients' awareness of disease and satisfaction with services: The influence of their general education level. J Cancer Educ 1983;8:141-4.  Back to cited text no. 24
    
25.
Lau JT, Lee V, Fan D, Lau M, Michon J. Knowledge about cataract, glaucoma, and age related macular degeneration in the Hong Kong Chinese population. Br J Ophthalmol 2002;86:1080-4.  Back to cited text no. 25
    
26.
Baker H, Murdoch IE. Can a public health intervention improve awareness and health-seeking behavior for glaucoma? Br J Ophthalmol 2008;92:1671-5.  Back to cited text no. 26
    


    Figures

  [Figure 1], [Figure 2]
 
 
    Tables

  [Table 1]


This article has been cited by
1 Knowledge about age-related eye diseases in the general population in Germany
Jan Henrik Terheyden, David J. Fink, Karl Mercieca, Maximilian W. M. Wintergerst, Frank G. Holz, Robert P. Finger
BMC Public Health. 2024; 24(1)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
2 Glaucoma the Silent Thief of Vision! A Study to Assess Current Trends on Awareness and Knowledge About Glaucoma
Amit Kumar Jain, Neha Singh, Naveen Kumar Singh, Praveen Kumar Singh, Suman Rajpoot
Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India). 2023;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
3 Awareness and knowledge of glaucoma among visitors of main public hospitals in Damascus, Syria: a cross-sectional study
Jameel Soqia, Jamal Ataya, Rawan Alhalabi, Rawan Alhomsi, Romeo Hamwy, Khaled Mardini, Ammar Hamzeh
BMC Ophthalmology. 2023; 23(1)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
4 Glaucoma awareness in Family Health Centers
Miray SANCAKTAR DEMIROZ, Seyhan HIDIROGLU, Dilajla ORAOVCANIN, Merve AKBAS, Annisha Condace SKINNER, Sumeyye KARAPINAR, Ayse SARI, Melda KARAVUS
Marmara Medical Journal. 2023; : 46
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
5 Predictors of glaucoma knowledge and its risk factors among Jordanian patients with primary open angle glaucoma at a tertiary teaching hospital: A cross-sectional survey
Sana’ Muhsen, Leen Al-Huneidy, Ward Maaita, Lina AlQirem, Zaid Madain, Jaleel Sweis, Raya Abu Tawileh, Yazan Al-Huneidy, Amro Alkhatib, Abdallah Al-Ani, Bharat Gurnani
PLOS ONE. 2023; 18(5): e0285405
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
6 First Assessment of Awareness and Knowledge of Glaucoma Among Citizens of Addu City, Maldives: A Cross-Sectional Study
Zainudheen Faroog, Saifudheen Faroog, Abdul R Zia Zaidi
Cureus. 2023;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
7 Awareness and Knowledge About Glaucoma in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia: A Population-Based Survey
Huda Ahmed Hussain, Nooran O Badeeb, Firas Madani, Lujain Z Khawandanh, Essa A Al-Abbas, Osama Badeeb
Cureus. 2023;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
8 Knowledge, attitude and practice assessment in glaucoma patients at a tertiary eye-care centre in South India: A questionnaire-based study
N Maheshwara, Ashwini G, Manjunath K R, Daimalu Khunggur Baiswmuthiary, Shubavee Radha Krishnan
Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 2023; 9(3): 422
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
9 Knowledge and Awareness of Glaucoma Among People Living in Taif City in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia
Fahad M Albaqami, Abdulaziz Saud Aljuaid, Waleed Khalid Alrabie, Muath Abdulrahim Alotaibi, Majed M Albaqami, Faisal Sultan Alharthi, Abdulhamid Alghamdi
Cureus. 2023;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
10 Awareness and Knowledge of Glaucoma and Its Associated Risk Factors Among Adult Population in the Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia
Ismail Abuallut, Sahar Shubayli, Ghadeer Qumayri, Eman Refaei, Lojain I Daak, Mohammed Dibaji, Sarah M Salih
Cureus. 2023;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
11 Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice of glaucoma among different cadres of optometrists
Sowmya Saravanan, Kalpa Negiloni, Rashima Asokan
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2022; 70(6): 2014
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
12 Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice of glaucoma among different cadres of Optometrists
Somya Kumari, Abhishek Singh, Shikha Gupta
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2022; 70(10): 3727
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
13 Time trends, associations and prevalence of blindness and vision loss due to glaucoma: an analysis of observational data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
Yi Sun, Aiming Chen, Minjie Zou, Yichi Zhang, Ling Jin, Yi Li, Danying Zheng, Guangming Jin, Nathan Congdon
BMJ Open. 2022; 12(1): e053805
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
14 Glaucoma Awareness and Knowledge Among Ethiopians in a Tertiary Eye Care Center
Curtis J. Heisel, Cherinet M. Fashe, Philip S. Garza, Girum W. Gessesse, Christine C. Nelson, Lemlem Tamrat, Rebhi Abuzaitoun, Scott D. Lawrence
Ophthalmology and Therapy. 2021; 10(1): 39
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
15 Screening first-degree relatives of glaucoma patients reveals barriers to participation
Sujani Shroff, Sophie Z Gu, Ashok Vardhan S, Iswarya Mani, Kanza Aziz, Namperumalsamy P, Dipankar Datta, David S Friedman
British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2021; : bjophthalm
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
16 A Study on Glaucoma Awareness and the Source of Health Information in a Rural Population of Tamil Nadu
Susaritha Govindan, Sughan Balaji
Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare. 2021; 8(01): 17
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
17 Cataract surgical reach: Falling short to catch white cataracts!
Parveen Rewri, Aprajita Lohan, Sagarika Aggarwal, Priyanka Chodhary, Aparna Singhal
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2021; 69(6): 1575
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
18 ASSESSMENT OF GLAUCOMAAWARENESS AMONG PEOPLE ATTENDING HEALTHCARE REFERRAL CENTRE
Bhumika N Shah, Romil N Patel, Kunal G Patel
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH. 2021; : 38
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
19 Awareness and Frequency of Glaucoma in Patients Over 40 Years of Age Admitted to the Family Medicine Outpatient Clinic
Murat ÇAKMAKLIOGULLARI, Didem SUNAY, Fehmi ALIBEKIROGLU, Nurullah USLU
Turkish Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2021;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
20 Awareness and Knowledge about glaucoma among the cases attending Ophthalmology outpatient department in a Tertiary care center
Vijay Krishnan B
IP International Journal of Ocular Oncology and Oculoplasty. 2021; 6(4): 248
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
21 STUDY ON GLAUCOMAAWARENESS AMONG PATIENTS ATTENDING A TERTIARY HEALTH CENTRE
Atul Kumar Anand, Sachin Kumar, Rajesh Kumar Tiwary
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH. 2020; : 61
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
22 Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward glaucoma and its management among adult Saudi patients
WaleedA Al Rashed, AbdulelahS Bin Shihah, AbdulrahmanS Alhomoud, MutebM Alharbi, AsemM Shadid, MushrefA Alghamdi, Alanoud Alfaris, AhmadW Alrashed, EssamA Osman, Rajiv Khandekar
Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology. 2020; 34(4): 261
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
23 Awareness and knowledge about glaucoma among patients attending outpatient clinics of Jordan University Hospital
DialaW Abu Hassan, BilalA Alsibai, AbdullahN Alhouri, RedaY Alhajeh, AhmadA Suleiman, MuawyahD Al Bdour
Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology. 2020; 34(4): 284
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
24 Glaucoma blindness–A rapidly emerging non-communicable ocular disease in India: Addressing the issue with advocacy
SurajSingh Senjam
Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2020; 9(5): 2200
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
25 Knowledge and awareness about glaucoma and its determinants: A lesson learned from a community-based survey of a developing nation
KailashChandra Verama, Sourabh Paul, Shyam Mehra, Paresh Prajapati, TanvirK Sidhu, Varun Malhotra
Journal of Health Research and Reviews. 2020; 7(1): 10
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
26 Hospital Based Study among Glaucoma Patients to Assess Their Knowledge Regarding Various Aspects of Glaucoma
Sandhya Somasundaran, Susheela Bindu, Jyothi P.T.
Healthline. 2020; 11(2): 60
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
27

Awareness of Glaucoma and Associated Factors Among Adults in Gish Abay Town, Northwest Ethiopia

Zewdu Yenegeta Bizuneh, Ayanaw Tsega, Yezinash Addis, Fisseha Admassu
Clinical Optometry. 2020; Volume 12: 37
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
28 Glaucoma among the Malaysian Community
Redhwan Ahmed Al-Naggar, Hisham Alshaikhli, R. R. Al-Rashidi, Bahaa Saleh
The Scientific World Journal. 2020; 2020: 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
29 Epidemiological factors associated with health knowledge of three common eye diseases: A community-based pilot survey in Hong Kong
Perseus WF Wong, Jordy KP Lau, Bonnie NK Choy, Kendrick C Shih, Alex LK Ng, Jonathan CH Chan, Ian YH Wong
SAGE Open Medicine. 2020; 8: 2050312120
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
30 Knowledge of glaucoma and associated factors among adults in Gish Abay town, Northwest Ethiopia
Zewdu Yenegeta, Ayanaw Tsega, Yezinash Addis, Fisseha Admassu
BMC Ophthalmology. 2020; 20(1)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
31 GLAUCOMA AWARENESS AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS OF A MEDICAL COLLEGE IN NORTH INDIA
Piyush Kumar R Ramavat, Shashi Vashisht, Manish Ramavat, Nishtha Ramavat, Dharmendra Verma, Namita Kumari, Manisha Gupta, Vaishali Kundu
Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare. 2018; 5(15): 1287
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
32 Discrepancy between subjectively reported symptoms and objectively measured clinical findings in dry eye: a population based analysis
R. Hua,K. Yao,Y. Hu,L. Chen
BMJ Open. 2014; 4(8): e005296
[Pubmed] | [DOI]



 

Top
 
 
  Search
 
    Similar in PUBMED
   Search Pubmed for
   Search in Google Scholar for
 Related articles
    Access Statistics
    Email Alert *
    Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)  

 
  In this article
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Me...
Results
Discussion
References
Article Figures
Article Tables

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed6443    
    Printed64    
    Emailed1    
    PDF Downloaded686    
    Comments [Add]    
    Cited by others 32    

Recommend this journal