• Users Online: 23975
  • Home
  • Print this page
  • Email this page

   Table of Contents      
PHOTO ESSAY
Year : 2015  |  Volume : 63  |  Issue : 4  |  Page : 342-343

Spectral domain optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis and monitoring of dengue maculopathy


1 Department of Vitreoretina, Narayana Nethralaya Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Bangalore, India
2 Department of Uveitis and Ocular Immunology, Narayana Nethralaya Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Bangalore, India
3 Department of Pediatric Retina, Narayana Nethralaya Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Bangalore, India

Date of Submission25-Oct-2014
Date of Acceptance21-Mar-2015
Date of Web Publication3-Jun-2015

Correspondence Address:
Dr. Mohsina Mehkri
Narayana Nethralaya Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology, No. 37, Castle Street, Opposite Sacred Heart Church, Ashok Nagar, Bengaluru - 560 025, Karnataka
India
Login to access the Email id

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.158087

Rights and Permissions

Keywords: Dengue foveolitis, dengue maculopathy, spectral domain optical coherence tomography


How to cite this article:
Mehkri M, Jayadev C, Dave N, Vinekar A. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis and monitoring of dengue maculopathy. Indian J Ophthalmol 2015;63:342-3

How to cite this URL:
Mehkri M, Jayadev C, Dave N, Vinekar A. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis and monitoring of dengue maculopathy. Indian J Ophthalmol [serial online] 2015 [cited 2024 Mar 19];63:342-3. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/ijo/pages/default.aspx/text.asp?2015/63/4/342/158087


  Introduction Top


A 23-year-old female presented with sudden onset of diminution of vision in the right eye (RE) associated with a central blurring of vision. She had been diagnosed to have dengue fever based on a NS1 Antigen Test 10 days before. [1] Her corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) in the RE was 20/200 and the left eye (LE) was 20/20. Fundus evaluation revealed a yellow orange lesion at the fovea in the RE and a normal fundus in the LE [Figure 1]. Fundus fluorescein angiogram showed early hyperfluorescence at the fovea, which persisted in the late phase with mild perifoveal capillary leakage in the RE [Figure 2]. The RE macular (9 mm radial) spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) scan suggested a normal contoured foveal dip with normal inner retinal layers [Figure 3]. In the outer retina, there was a focal discontinuity of the inner segment-outer segment layer (IS-OS) or ellipsoid zone (EZ) subfoveally, with an irregular and elevated hyper reflective lesion extending from the broken EZ into and filling the outer nuclear layer (ONL) through a disrupted external limiting membrane (ELM). The foveal tent was absent and there was disruption of the outer segment retinal pigment epithelium (OS RPE) layer or the cone outer segment tips (COST) layer due to the central lesion. The RPE was relatively unaffected and appeared to be uniform throughout the scan. [2] A diagnosis of Dengue Foveolitis was made. The patient was started on treatment with oral steroids. Two weeks later the SD OCT scan through the foveal center showed resolution of the lesion [Figure 4]. There was a focal, linear hyper reflective residual lesion (red arrow) in the outer nuclear layer just underlying the outer plexiform layer. The ELM was now more linear but still remained discontinuous under the subfovea but continuous on either side of this disruption. The EZ appeared to have regained continuity except in the subfoveal region. The foveal tent still remained absent and the RPE was normal as before. The CDVA had improved to 20/60 and funduscopy showed resolution of the foveal lesion. At 12 weeks after treatment, the SD OCT scan showed further resolution of the lesion [Figure 5]. The ONL was now free of the lesion. The ELM was continuous throughout the scan. The EZ had now gained continuity and the foveal tent had re-appeared. The OS RPE or COST layer underlying the foveal tent could be appreciated in the temporal section of the scan (red arrow) and appeared deficient in the nasal section of the scan corresponding to the papillo-macular bundle. The CDVA had improved to 20/20.
Figure 1: Right eye fundus shows a yellow orange lesion at the fovea (black arrow) with a normal left eye fundus

Click here to view
Figure 2: Fluorescein angiography shows hyperfluorescence in the right fovea, left eye is normal

Click here to view
Figure 3: The hyper reflective lesion extending from the ellipsoid zone into the outer nuclear layer with disruption of the external limiting membrane and an absent foveal tent

Click here to view
Figure 4: Two weeks after treatment, there is partial resolution of the lesion, with remnants persisting in the outer nuclear layer (red arrow) and with incomplete recovery of the ellipsoid zone and the external limiting membrane

Click here to view
Figure 5: Twelve weeks after treatment, there is a near total recovery of the ellipsoid zone and external limiting membrane, no lesion in the outer nuclear layer and partial recovery of the outer segment retinal pigment epithelium layer (red arrow) in the temporal segment of the scan

Click here to view



  Discussion Top


Ocular manifestations of dengue fever are uncommon and include subconjunctival, vitreous and retinal hemorrhages, posterior uveitis, optic neuritis and maculopathies such as foveolitis, edema and hemorrhage. [3] The three patterns of maculopathy that have been described on OCT are foveolitis, diffuse retinal thickening and cystoid macular edema. [4] Foveolitis secondary to dengue fever has been described as a yellow orange lesion at the fovea with disruption of the outer neurosensory retina on OCT. [2] On fluorescein angiography, it is seen as a circumscribed hyperfluorescent staining in late phase. [4] An immune mechanism has been postulated for ocular involvement and treatment options range from observation to immunosuppression with topical, periocular, oral, intravenous steroids and immunoglobulins. [2] Prognosis is variable, [3],[4] with patients usually regaining good vision but scotomata may persist. [4],[5]

Our case demonstrates how SD OCT can be used to determine the exact location of the lesion with respect to individual retinal layers, and be used to monitor improvement both structurally and visually. It is possible that good morphological 'recovery' portends with better visual recovery as in our case, and this may have significant prognostic implications in patients with treated dengue foveolitis.

 
  References Top

1.
Kumarasamy V, Chua SK, Hassan Z, Wahab AH, Chem YK, Mohamad M, et al. Evaluating the sensitivity of a commercial dengue NS1 antigen-capture ELISA for early diagnosis of acute dengue virus infection. Singapore Med J 2007;48:669-73.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Bacsal KE, Chee SP, Cheng CL, Flores JV. Dengue-associated maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 2007;125:501-10.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Ng AW, Teoh SC. Dengue eye disease. Surv Ophthalmol 2015;60:106-14.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Teoh SC, Chee CK, Laude A, Goh KY, Barkham T, Ang BS, et al. Optical coherence tomography patterns as predictors of visual outcome in dengue-related maculopathy. Retina 2010;30:390-8.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Loh BK, Bacsal K, Chee SP, Cheng BC, Wong D. Foveolitis associated with dengue Fever: A case series. Ophthalmologica 2008;222:317-20.  Back to cited text no. 5
    


    Figures

  [Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5]


This article has been cited by
1 Epidemic Retinitis with Positive or Negative Weil Felix Test - a Comparative Study and Outcome with Doxycycline
Ankush Kawali, Padmamalini Mahendradas, Srinivasan Sanjay, Ashwin Mohan, Bhujang Shetty
Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 2021; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
2 Infectious uveitis: an Asian perspective
Aniruddha Agarwal, Kanika Aggarwal, Vishali Gupta
Eye. 2019; 33(1): 50
[Pubmed] | [DOI]



 

Top
 
 
  Search
 
    Similar in PUBMED
   Search Pubmed for
   Search in Google Scholar for
 Related articles
    Access Statistics
    Email Alert *
    Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)  

 
  In this article
Introduction
Discussion
References
Article Figures

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed17048    
    Printed51    
    Emailed0    
    PDF Downloaded226    
    Comments [Add]    
    Cited by others 2    

Recommend this journal