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BRIEF COMMUNICATION |
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Year : 2016 | Volume
: 64
| Issue : 3 | Page : 244-245 |
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A rare case of eyelid sarcoidosis presenting as an orbital mass
Balan Louis Gaspar1, Kirti Gupta1, Usha Singh2
1 Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India 2 Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
Date of Submission | 28-May-2015 |
Date of Acceptance | 11-Feb-2016 |
Date of Web Publication | 4-May-2016 |
Correspondence Address: Dr. Kirti Gupta Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh India
Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.181737
Intraorbital sarcoidosis presenting externally as a solitary eyelid mass has been described in the literature as isolated case reports. We describe a rare case of asymptomatic sarcoidosis with orbital mass as the presenting feature in a young woman. The lesion was excised with the clinical possibility of a thrombosed varix. On histology, the lesion was characterized by numerous nonnecrotizing epithelioid cell granulomas with several multinucleated giant cells containing abundant asteroid bodies and oxalate crystals. No tubercular bacilli were detected. A diagnosis of sarcoidosis was rendered and on further clinical work-up, she was detected to have hilar lymphadenopathy. Sarcoidosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of orbital mass as it could be the initial manifestation of the disease process. Keywords: Eyelid, orbital mass, sarcoidosis
How to cite this article: Gaspar BL, Gupta K, Singh U. A rare case of eyelid sarcoidosis presenting as an orbital mass. Indian J Ophthalmol 2016;64:244-5 |
Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease with an insidious onset most often affecting adolescents and young adults and presenting frequently with bilateral lymphadenopathy with or without pulmonary infiltration.[1] It is often diagnosed incidentally on routine chest radiography done as a part of evaluation for other diseases. The incidence varies according to age, sex, race, and geographic origin. In an appropriate clinical setting, the diagnosis of sarcoidosis is established based on the demonstration of noncaseating epithelioid cell granulomas which are negative for acid-fast bacilli.[1] Intraorbital sarcoidosis presenting externally as a solitary eyelid mass is extremely uncommon and reported in the literature as isolated single case reports.[2],[3],[4],[5] We present an unusual case of asymptomatic sarcoidosis presenting with an orbital mass as the initial manifestation.
Case Report | | |
A 33-year-old woman presented in the eye clinic with left lower eyelid swelling of 1-year duration without any accompanying systemic symptoms. There was no history of tattooing, trauma, or injection of any sort in the vicinity of the left eye. Examination revealed a bluish-black ill-defined elevated nodular lesion in the left lower eyelid associated with restricted down gaze [Figure 1]a. Coronal contrast enhanced computed tomography (CT) image of the orbit showed a well-defined homogeneous soft tissue mass in the inferior extraconal space [Figure 1]b. The fat plane with the inferior aspect of the globe was lost and no deformity of the globe or erosion of the orbital floor was seen. With a clinical possibility of thrombosed varix, inferior orbitotomy was done. Skin incision 4 mm below the lid margin was given and orbicularis muscle was dissected. A lobulated, dark bluish mass was seen which was adherent to the orbital septum and was arising from the periosteum of the orbital floor. The lesion was excised and submitted for histopathological examination. Gross examination revealed a globular, gray-white tissue measuring 1.5 cm in its greatest dimension. Microscopic examination demonstrated multiple, compact, well-formed, nonnecrotizing epithelioid cell granulomas devoid of any lymphocyte cuffing with numerous multinucleated giant cells containing abundant asteroid bodies and oxalate crystals [Figure 1]c and [Figure 1]d. Stain for acid-fast bacilli was negative, and a diagnosis of sarcoidosis was offered. A retrograde work-up for tuberculosis was done. Mantoux test was negative; however, contrast enhanced and high-resolution CT of the chest showed calcified hypodense right hilar lymph nodes largest measuring 1.1 cm × 0.8 cm. Her blood counts, thyroid function tests, serum calcium, 25(OH) Vitamin D3, phosphate, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and albumin levels were normal. However, the autoimmune workup was significant as she had elevated thyroid peroxidase antibodies (63.76 IU/ml), speckled antinuclear antibody (ANA) and elevated C-reactive protein (6 mg/L). Her rheumatoid arthritis factor was negative. Hence, a diagnosis of subclinical sarcoidosis was rendered. | Figure 1: (a) Elevated nodular lesion in the left lower eyelid. (b) A well-defined homogeneous soft tissue mass in the inferior extraconal space visualized in the coronal contrast enhanced computed tomography of the orbit. (c) High magnification demonstrates multiple nonnecrotizing compact epithelioid cell granulomas devoid of any lymphocyte cuffing associated with numerous multinucleated giant cells (H and E, ×400). (d) Asteroid body identified within the giant cells (H and E, ×1000)
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Discussion | | |
Sarcoidosis is an immune-mediated multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown etiology with varied clinical manifestations affecting genetically and ethnically predisposed individuals.[1] While sarcoidosis presenting as eyelid nodules is uncommon, seen in 3% of patients with chronic sarcoidosis;[6] such a mass as the initial manifestation is exceedingly uncommon with single rare cases reported in the English literature.[2],[3],[4],[5] In the index case, the histopathological diagnosis prompted further work-up, thereby asymptomatic pulmonary involvement and circulating autoantibodies were detected. This is not uncommon because the association of sarcoidosis with autoimmune diseases is well known.[7] The patient had a positive ANA test with a speckled pattern which is the most common but least specific pattern encountered. As only 60% of patients with sarcoidosis have raised ACE levels [8] the normal ACE level does not argue against the diagnosis of sarcoidosis in this woman.[8] Since she was completely asymptomatic, we decided to wait and watch instead of proceeding with further specific tests such as Smith antibody (anti-Smith), ribonucleoprotein antibody, Scl-70 kD kinetochore, (anti-topoisomerase I) and anti-La (anti-SSB). In addition, she had elevated thyroid peroxidase antibodies which is also well documented in various studies.[9],[10] While the hypothyroid and euthyroid state in Hashimoto's thyroiditis is well known and such a diagnosis has therapeutic and prognostic implications; complete thyroid function tests done were, however, normal. The patient was explained regarding her basic disease predispositions and advised close follow-up for the recurrence of primary disease and development of other autoimmune manifestations.
Conclusion | | |
This case highlights the importance of considering sarcoidosis in the differential diagnosis of orbital mass and such a presentation could be the initial manifestation of the disease process.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
References | | |
1. | Heinle R, Chang C. Diagnostic criteria for sarcoidosis. Autoimmun Rev 2014;13:383-7. |
2. | Imes RK, Reifschneider JS, O'Connor LE. Systemic sarcoidosis presenting initially with bilateral orbital and upper lid masses. Ann Ophthalmol 1988;20:466-7, 469. |
3. | Cacciatori M, McLaren KM, Kearns PP. Sarcoidosis presenting as a cutaneous eyelid mass. Br J Ophthalmol 1997;81:329-30. [ PUBMED] |
4. | Lee JK, Moon NJ. Orbital sarcoidosis presenting as diffuse swelling of the lower eyelid. Korean J Ophthalmol 2013;27:52-4. |
5. | Biswas J, Krishnakumar S, Raghavendran R, Mahesh L. Lid swelling and diplopia as presenting features of orbital sarcoid. Indian J Ophthalmol 2000;48:231-3. [ PUBMED] |
6. | Jabs DA, Johns CJ. Ocular involvement in chronic sarcoidosis. Am J Ophthalmol 1986;102:297-301. [ PUBMED] |
7. | Sharma OP. Sarcoidosis and other autoimmune disorders. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2002;8:452-6. |
8. | Iannuzzi MC, Rybicki BA, Teirstein AS. Sarcoidosis. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2153-65. |
9. | Isern V, Lora-Tamayo J, Capdevila O, Villabona C, Mañá J. Sarcoidosis and autoimmune thyroid disease. A case series of ten patients. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2007;24:148-52. |
10. | Antonelli A, Fazzi P, Fallahi P, Ferrari SM, Grosso M, Boni G, et al. Thyroid uptake of 67Ga-citrate is associated with thyroid autoimmunity and hypothyroidism in patients with sarcoidosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009;36:137-43. |
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