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ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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Year : 2017 | Volume
: 65
| Issue : 6 | Page : 461-465 |
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Comparison of central corneal thickness with four noncontact devices: An agreement analysis of swept-source technology
Erhan Ozyol1, Pelin Özyol2
1 Department of Ophthalmology, Mugla Sitki Kocman University Training and Research Hospital, Muğla, Turkey 2 Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Muğla, Turkey
Date of Submission | 06-Aug-2016 |
Date of Acceptance | 16-May-2017 |
Date of Web Publication | 23-Jun-2017 |
Correspondence Address: Erhan Ozyol Department of Ophthalmology, Mugla Sitki Kocman University Training and Research Hospital, Muğla Turkey
Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_618_16
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the central corneal thickness (CCT) measurements of four noncontact devices in healthy eyes. Materials and Methods: In a sample of 45 healthy controls, CCT was measured using an optical biometer (IOLMaster 700) based on swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT), high-resolution rotating Scheimpflug camera system (Pentacam HR), spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) device with an anterior segment module (Spectralis), and noncontact pachymetry (NCP) device (Topcon TRK-2P). Agreement among the devices was analyzed using mean differences (i.e., bias) and Bland–Altman analysis with 95% limits of agreement (LoA). Results: Mean CCT measurements were 537.5 ± 47.5 μm for SS-OCT optical biometer, 532.3 ± 43.8 μm for Scheimpflug system, 521.3 ± 44.7 μm for SD-OCT device, and 518.0 ± 43.1 μm for NCP (P < 0.001). The SD-OCT device and NCP showed the closest agreement, with a bias of 2.6 μm (95% LoA, −3.6–8.8 μm), whereas the SS-OCT optical biometer and NCP showed the least agreement, with a bias of 18.7 μm (95% LoA, −2.1–39.5 μm). Bias was 16.1 μm (95% LoA, −3.1–35.3 μm) for SS-OCT optical biometer and SD-OCT, 5.1 μm (95% LoA, −6.8–17.0 μm) for SS-OCT optical biometer and Scheimpflug system, 10.9 μm (95% LoA, −15.1–36.9 μm) for SD-OCT device and Scheimpflug system, and 13.6 μm (95% LoA, −5–32.2 μm) for Scheimpflug system and NCP. Conclusions: SS-OCT optical biometer overestimates CCT measurements compared to Scheimpflug system, SD-OCT device, and NCP. Given mean differences and range variations in CCT measurements between devices, SS-OCT optical biometer and Scheimpflug system are interchangeable as are SD-OCT and NCP.
Keywords: Anterior segment optical coherence tomography, central corneal thickness, noncontact pachymetry, Scheimpflug analysis system, swept-source optical biometer
How to cite this article: Ozyol E, Özyol P. Comparison of central corneal thickness with four noncontact devices: An agreement analysis of swept-source technology. Indian J Ophthalmol 2017;65:461-5 |
Accurate, reliable corneal thickness measurements are crucial for diagnosing corneal diseases, assessing glaucoma, and screening and planning refractive surgery.[1],[2],[3],[4],[5] At present, ultrasound pachymetry is the most commonly used clinical method and gold standard for measuring central corneal thickness (CCT).[6],[7] However, ultrasound pachymetry poses several limitations, including that is a contact method and thus requires topical anesthesia and user skill with probe placement.[7],[8] Indeed, both drawbacks have prompted a search for noninvasive alternative solutions that do not risk epithelial lesions or the transmission of infection.
Several new, more sophisticated techniques, including the rotating Scheimpflug camera, optical biometry based on swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT), and anterior segment spectral-domain OCD (SD-OCT), provide rapid, convenient, and objective measurements of CCT minimizing the user influence and providing a noninvasive measurement. Moreover, various studies have verified the high reproducibility and repeatability of those devices in measuring CCT.[2],[8],[9],[10],[11] However, for clinical practice, it is also necessary to determine the interchangeability of those devices and their measurements.
In response, the current study aimed to quantify the agreement of CCT measurements taken with four different noncontact modalities: SS-OCT-based optical biometry device, high-resolution rotating Scheimpflug camera system, SD-OCT device with an anterior segment module, and noncontact pachymetry (NCP) device in healthy eyes.
Materials and Methods | | |
Participants and measurements
Performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by a local Ethical Committee, this study involved a sample of 45 healthy controls, all with normal eyes without corneal abnormalities as verified by slit lamp examination. Exclusion criteria were any corneal abnormality affecting measurement, poor cooperation, history of contact lens wear, or prior ocular surgery.
CCT was determined with four different devices: SS-OCT optical biometer device, Scheimpflug system, SD-OCT device, and NCP. Three consecutive measurements with each device were taken by the same experienced examiner according to the manufacturer's recommendations, and the order of modalities used for measurement was randomly assigned to each eye using computer-generated sequences. To minimize any diurnal variation, measurements were taken between 10:00 am and 12:00 pm, with a 10-min interval before using a different device. To ensure a smoothly spread tear film, between measurements, participants were asked to sit back and blink several times. Measurements taken on the right eye of each participant were used for statistical analysis.
Devices
Using a rotating Scheimpflug camera (180°) and monochromatic slit light source (i.e., blue LED lights at 470 nm) combined with a static camera, the Pentacam HR (Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany) can provide a three-dimensional model of the anterior segment, elevation maps of the anterior and posterior corneal surfaces, pachymetry maps, biometric measurements of the anterior segment, and anterior and posterior corneal power calculations. Only scans with an examination quality specification of “OK” were retained for analysis. The pupil center pachymetric value automatically provided by the software was recorded.
IOLMaster 700 (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany), a newly available SS-OCT-based optical biometry device, uses SS-OCT technology – that is, a laser with variable wavelength – to generate optical B-scans, or optical cross sections, to determine biometric eye data. The device can obtain multiple measurements for each of the various parameters in a single capturing process and present their average value. More specifically, from a single OCT image aligned with the eye's visual axis, SS-OCT technology can measure CCT, anterior chamber depth, anterior aqueous depth, lens thickness, and axial length. In this study, after quality control, criteria were checked for SS-OCT-based optical biometric measurements in accordance with manufacturer recommendations, CCT values were recorded for analysis.
With an axial resolution of 7 μm, transverse resolution of 14 μm, and scanning speed of 40,000 A-scans per se cond, the SD-OCT device (Spectralis; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) with an anterior segment module allows high-resolution images of the cornea. It acquires images of sufficient resolution and definition to differentiate the epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, and endothelium. In this study, the pupil center was measured, and the CCT was manually obtained from that position.
The Topcon TRK-2P (Topcon Corp., Tokyo, Japan) employs an automated, noncontact technique using optical pachymetry to determine CCT, which involves using a tangential slit of light directed onto the cornea at a known angle. The illuminated slit is measured, and corneal thickness is calculated using trigonometry. All parameters, including horizontal and vertical alignment and vertex distance, are determined by the instrument. In this study, measurements were obtained using the full screening mode, which yields intraocular pressure, keratometry, autorefraction, and pachymetric results. When gauging CCT, the Topcon TRK-2P captures three readings, which in this study were averaged and recorded.
Statistical analysis
The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for data analysis. The normality of data was confirmed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. CCT measurements obtained with the four devices were compared using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), and pairwise comparisons were performed using the Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons. A P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. The bias and agreement of the devices were assessed using Bland–Altman analysis. Repeatability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). The repeatability standard deviation (SD) was estimated by the square root of the estimated variance due to measurement error, based on the random-effect ANOVA model. The coefficient of variability (CoV) was calculated by the quotient of the SD from repeatability and the mean of all used measurements.
Results | | |
Included in analyses were measurements of 45 eyes of 45 healthy controls (26 female, 19 male), whose mean age was 36.8 ± 7.9 years (range: 21–47 years). The mean spherical error of the 45 eyes was −0.52 ± 1.27 D (range: −4.00–3.25 D), and in general, the difference in CCT measurements among the devices was statistically significant (P < 0.001). [Table 1] shows the mean CCT measurements of the devices, and [Table 2] shows interdevice differences. | Table 1: Descriptive statistics for central corneal thickness measurements
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| Table 2: Mean differences between the devices used to determine central corneal thickness, their standard deviations, and confidence intervals (all values in μm)
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The SD-OCT device and NCP showed the closest agreement, with a bias of 2.6 μm (95% limits of agreement [LoA], −3.6–8.8 μm), whereas the SS-OCT optical biometer and NCP showed the least, with a bias of 18.7 μm (95% LoA, −2.1–39.5 μm). Bias was 16.1 μm (95% LoA, −3.1–35.3 μm) for the SS-OCT optical biometer and SD-OCT device, 5.1 μm (95% LoA, −6.8–17.0 μm) for the SS-OCT optical biometer and Scheimpflug system, 10.9 μm (95% LoA, −15.1–36.9 μm) for the Scheimpflug system and SD-OCT device, and 13.6 μm (95% LoA, −5–32.2 μm) for the Scheimpflug system and NCP. [Figure 1] displays the corresponding Bland–Altman plots. | Figure 1: Bland-Altman plots for central corneal thickness measurements in each pairwise device comparison
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[Table 3] shows the results of the repeatability assessments obtained with the devices. Repeatability of consecutive measurements performed during the same visit was excellent for all devices. | Table 3: Intraobserver repeatability of the devices for central corneal thickness measurements
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This study provided an 85% power to detect a difference of 10 μm between the devices with 42 evaluable eyes assuming a SD of 8.0 μm and an α-level of 0.05 based on previous studies.[12],[13]
Discussion | | |
The need for precise measurements of anterior segment characteristics has always promoted the innovation of reliable measurement devices. However, with those various devices available, it is also essential to know their interchangeability in clinical practice. Accordingly, this research evaluated the comparability of CCT measurements taken with various modalities in healthy controls. According to results, the SD-OCT device and NCP demonstrate the closest agreement, whereas the SS-OCT optical biometer and NCP show the least. Although numerous studies have been performed to compare different pachymetry methods, to our knowledge, no study has directly compared these four devices used in this study. As such, it remains unclear whether measurements taken with those systems match and whether the devices themselves can be used interchangeably. In that sense, another significant finding of this study is that the SS-OCT optical biometer overestimated CCT in healthy eyes compared to the NCP, SD-OCT device, and Scheimpflug system. Most likely, tear film and working principles of the noncontact devices have an important role on the different CCT measurements. Pentacam HR and SS-OCT measure the CCT including tear film. However, an SD-OCT enables the measurement of CCT from epithelium to the endothelium without including tear film by manually using caliper. In addition, the NCP measures the CCT trigonometrically using an illuminated tangential slit on the cornea and differs from other optical systems.
Repeatability limits of the device in healthy controls may be another reason of differences in CCT measurements. In previous studies, repeatable and reliable results are reported for Pentacam HR, SS-OCT, SD-OCT, and NCP systems. CoV and ICC values were reported as 0.67% and 0.981 by Nam et al.[8] for Pentacam and as 0.48% and 0.987 by Chen et al.[13] for Pentacam HR. High repeatability for SS-OCT with a CoV of 0.41% by Kunert et al.[14] has also been reported. Similarly, excellent repeatability was reported by Pierro et al.[15] with a CoV of 0.069% and an ICC of 0.998 for SD-OCT. In another study with SD-OCT, ICC was reported as 0.999 with a CoV of 4.82% for CCT.[16] Hahn et al.[17] reported a CoV of 0.69% with an ICC of 0.984 and in another study, CoV was found 5.5% for a NCP system.[18] Similarly, our results demonstrated high intraobserver repeatability for CCT measurements by Pentacam HR, SS-OCT, SD-OCT, and NCP in healthy controls.
Results indicated that the range of LoA was narrow with less bias in the SD-OCT device compared to the NCP and in the SS-OCT optical biometer compared to the Scheimpflug system. Biases were greater and ranges of LoA wider for other pairs of devices. These findings are clinically relevant, for it is known that intraocular pressure measurements are influenced by CCT. Accurate CCT measurements are also important in planning refractive surgery, in which the underestimation of corneal thickness can cause the exclusion of eligible patients from refractive surgery. At the same time, overestimation of corneal thickness can misguide surgeons, thereby resulting in overablation and iatrogenic keratectasia. Monitoring CCT in patients after refractive surgery is also critical, because postoperative intraocular pressure readings are lower than preoperative values, as a result of a thinner postoperative cornea. False low intraocular pressure readings risk the delay of the diagnosis of future glaucoma in patients who undergo refractive surgery. Given the importance of accurate CCT measurements in various clinical settings,[1],[19] the SS-OCT optical biometer and Scheimpflug system should not be used interchangeably with the SD-OCT device or NCP due to the wide range of LoA with greater bias. Gorgun et al.[20] compared four noncontact methods (Visante OCT, Pentacam, OrbscanIIz, and slit-lamp OCT) for CCT measurements. They reported higher Pentacam readings than Orbscan IIz, Visante, and slit-lamp OCT. However, the authors also found poor agreement that seems to be clinically important between methods.
Although noncontact technique seems to allow relatively objective measurements through automatic processing, unsatisfactory agreement among devices may result from poor fixation, corneal abnormalities, or severe tear film problems.[21] Because this study compared only noncontact pachymetric methods, its findings may not be interpreted in the context of ultrasound pachymetric measurements. Many studies have compared measurements obtained by noncontact methods with those of ultrasound pachymetry, yet with varying results,[21],[22],[23] and some studies suggest that ultrasound pachymetry overestimates CCT measurements compared to noncontact methods such as with slit-lamp OCD, SD-OCT, optical low coherence reflectometry, partial coherence interferometry, and Scheimpflug systems.[21],[24],[25],[26],[27] On the other hand, in normal corneas, Uçakhan et al.[28] found the mean Scheimpflug's CCT measurements thicker than that of ultrasound pachymetry and Hahn et al.[17] reported ultrasound pachymetry underestimates CCT measurements than NCP.
Although the repeatability and reproducibility of SS-OCT optical biometer measurements have been reported,[11] fewer reports have compared CCT measurements with various devices. In a recent study, Kunert et al.[14] reported that CCT measurements taken with an SS-OCT optical biometer and optical low coherence reflectometry biometer did not differ significantly with a bias of 0.15 μm (95% LoA, −8.69–8.99 μm). In our previous study,[29] SS-OCT and Pentacam HR showed a statistical difference in CCT measurements (bias: 5.05 μm; with a 95% LoA, 9.9–−19.9 μm); however, it was comparable to those demonstrating the reliability of the devices in the current clinical use. Similar difference in CCT between SS-OCT and Pentacam HR was found in the current study with a bias of 5.1 μm (95% LoA, −6.8–17.0 μm).
The Scheimpflug system with the Pentacam HR also overestimated CCT measurements compared to the NCP and SD-OCT device as consistent with previous reports. Similar results by Chen et al.[13] (bias: 10.9 μm, 95% LoA, −0.7–22.5 μm) and Yap et al.[30] (bias: −21.9 μm; 95% LoA, −1.14–−42.6 μm) were reported using the Pentacam HR and Fourier-domain OCT. Grewal et al.[26] compared the CCT measurements taken with SD-OCT system and Pentacam and reported less difference between devices (bias: 1.5 μm; 95% LoA, −16.32–13.34 μm), whereas Szalai et al.[31] reported a bias of −12.46 μm (95% LoA, −35.78–10.87 μm) using swept-light source Fourier-domain OCT and Pentacam for CCT measurements. Although the difference of measurements between devices is comparable on average, it is also important to consider the range of variation to gauge the interchangeability of two devices. In comparing various anterior segment-OCT devices with the Scheimpflug system, most studies reveal similar variation ranges, with a clinically insignificant difference in bias among them.
This study posed a few limitations. First, only healthy eyes were included in the study, meaning that the results may differ in eyes that have experienced refractive surgery or keratoconus. The second limitation was that CCT measurements with the anterior segment SD-OCT device were taken manually, which could have caused variability in the measurements.
Conclusions | | |
Results suggest that, in healthy controls, the SS-OCT optical biometer overestimates CCT measurements compared to the high-resolution Scheimpflug system, SD-OCT device, and NCP. When considering the interchangeability of noncontact devices for CCT measurements, the SS-OCT optical biometer and Scheimpflug system on the one hand and the SD-OCT device and NCP on the other hand, can be used interchangeably with healthy controls. However, all other device pairs are liable to produce different measurements that could affect subsequent clinical applications. Further work is required to assess the agreement of CCT measurements in abnormal corneas, such as keratoconus cornea, postrefractive surgery cornea, and others.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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[Figure 1]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
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