|
 |
| CASE REPORT |
|
| Year : 2020 | Volume
: 68
| Issue : 10 | Page : 2291-2293 |
|
Retinal vein occlusion in COVID-19: A novel entity
Jay Umed Sheth1, Raja Narayanan2, Jay Goyal1, Vinod Goyal1
1 Department of Vitreoretinal Services, Surya Eye Institute and Research Center, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
2 General Secretary, Vitreoretinal Society of India; Suven Clinical Research Center, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| Date of Submission | 22-Jul-2020 |
| Date of Acceptance | 01-Sep-2020 |
| Date of Web Publication | 23-Sep-2020 |
Correspondence Address:
Dr. Jay Umed Sheth
Surya Eye Institute and Research Center, Mumbai, Maharashtra
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_2380_20
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a form of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). Ocular manifestations related to COVID-19 are uncommon with conjunctivitis being reported in a few cases. We report a unique case of vasculitic retinal vein occlusion (RVO) secondary to COVID-19 in a 52-year-old patient who presented with the diminution of vision in the left eye 10 days after he tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. All investigations for vasculitis were negative. This case supports the mechanism of thrombo-inflammatory state secondary to the “cytokine-storm” as the pathogenesis for systemic manifestations of COVID-19.
Keywords: COVID-19, retinal vein occlusion, SARS-CoV-2, vasculitis
How to cite this article:
Sheth JU, Narayanan R, Goyal J, Goyal V. Retinal vein occlusion in COVID-19: A novel entity. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020;68:2291-3 |
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which began in China in December 2019, has now spread globally and has been described as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO).[1] Among ocular manifestations, conjunctivitis has principally been reported.[2] We hereby report a novel ocular complication of COVID-19 in the form of vasculitic retinal vein occlusion (RVO).
| Case Report | |  |
A 52-year-old male presented to the vitreoretinal services with decreased vision in the left eye (OS) since day 1. He gave a history of fever 10 days ago for which he underwent reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis of sputum samples and was diagnosed positive for COVID-19. On contact-tracing, no primary source of infection was found, and he was quarantined and treated in hospital for 1 week and discharged in stable condition. At presentation, his best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in OS was 6/60 while it was 6/6 in the right eye (OD). On fundus examination, the patient had OS inferior hemiretinal vein occlusion with superonasal branch retinal vein occlusion and macular edema [Figure 1]. Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) of OS revealed dilated and tortuous retinal veins in inferior and superonasal quadrants which showed significant vessel wall staining and leakage in late phases suggestive of extensive phlebitis (Blue-arrow; [Figure 2]). There was no evidence of arteritis or perivascular sparing. Areas of hypofluorescence were noted in involved areas that clinically corresponded to hemorrhages, suggestive of blocked fluorescence (Yellow-arrow; [Figure 2]). Additional areas of hypofluorescence were also noted in peripheral regions of affected quadrants suggestive of capillary non-perfusion (CNP) (Yellow-arrow; [Figure 2]). Dye leakage at the macula and optic disc was also observed. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) of OS showed the presence of serous macular detachment (SMD; Orange-arrow; [Figure 3]a) and significant cystoid macular edema (CME), with cysts present in the outer nuclear layer (ONL; Blue-arrow; [Figure 3]a), inner nuclear layer (INL; Red-arrow; [Figure 3]a), and ganglion cell layer (GCL; Green-arrow; [Figure 3]a) [Figure 1]b. Additionally, the presence of disorganization of retinal inner layers (DRIL) was also seen (Yellow-arrow; [Figure 3]a). Systemic workup for vasculitic and non-vasculitic causes of RVO, including blood pressure, complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, serum lipid profile, sugar levels, plasma protein electrophoresis, C-reactive protein, serum homocysteine level, serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), tuberculin skin testing, interferon-gamma release assays for Mycobacterium (QuantiFERON-TB Gold), high-resolution computerized tomography scan, thrombophilia-screening, and autoantibodies was unremarkable. The patient was diagnosed with vasculitic RVO secondary to COVID-19 and treated with oral methylprednisolone (40 mg/day) and intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injection of the ranibizumab biosimilar, Razumab® (Intas Pharmaceuticals, Ahmedabad, India; 0.5 mg/0.05 mL). At the end of 1 month, his BCVA improved to 6/9. On SD-OCT, there was complete resolution of SMD and CME [Figure 3]b, resolving DRIL (ELM; Yellow arrow; [Figure 3]b), presence of subfoveal loss of ellipsoid zone (EZ) and external limiting membrane (ELM; red arrow; [Figure 3]b), and small intraretinal hemorrhages seen as intraretinal hyperreflective lesions (ELM; Blue arrow; [Figure 3]b). | Figure 1: Color fundus photograph (CFP) of the left eye demonstrating inferior hemiretinal vein occlusion (HRVO) with superonasal branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO)
Click here to view |
 | Figure 2: Fundus fluorescein angiogram (FFA) of the left eye showing the presence of dilated tortuous vein in inferior and superonasal quadrants with late phases showing considerable staining and leakage from the vessel walls (Blue arrow). Multiple areas of hypofluorescence are seen which correspond to retinal hemorrhages clinically, suggestive of blocked fluorescence (Yellow arrow). Furthermore, the involved quadrants also illustrated additional areas of hypofluorescence suggestive of capillary non-perfusion (CNP; Blue arrow). The macular region and optic disc also showed hyperfluorescence in late phases suggestive of leakage
Click here to view |
 | Figure 3: (a) Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) of the left eye at baseline illustrating the presence of serous macular detachment (Orange arrow; a), cystoid macular edema (cysts located in outer-nuclear-layer (ONL; Blue arrow; a), inner-nuclear-layer (INL; Red arrow; a) and ganglion-cell-layer (GCL; Green arrow; a) and disorganization of retinal-inner-layers (DRIL; Yellow arrow; a). (b) Follow-up SD-OCT at one-month showing complete resolution of SMD and CME, resolving DRIL (Yellow-arrow; b), subfoveal loss of ellipsoid-zone (EZ) and external limiting membrane (ELM; Red arrow; b), and small intraretinal hyperreflective lesions suggestive of intraretinal hemorrhages (ELM; Blue arrow; b)
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
The “2019 novel coronavirus” (2019-nCoV) is an enveloped, non-segmented positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the beta-Coronaviridae family.[3] It is associated with atypical pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome with notable mortality rates.[3]
Ocular manifestations have also been associated with COVID-19, most common being conjunctivitis seen in 0.8% of patients.[2] Marinho et al. have described retinal findings which include subtle cotton wool spots and microhemorrhages associated with COVID-19.[4] Subsequently, there have been a few publications that have expressed concern regarding the interpretation of these fundus and OCT findings.[5] They have suggested further imaging in the form of infrared reflectance as the OCT findings and locations of the purported lesions corresponded to retinal vessels, longer follow-up of the supposed cotton wool spots as they could be confused with myelinated nerve fibers, and additional details regarding comorbid conditions present in those patients such as diabetes which can itself give rise to these retinal findings.
In the current case, the patient was a young adult with fresh RVO. In such a clinical scenario and in the absence of any comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, or tuberculosis, the common pathogenesis more often than not is vasculitis. With the principal part of vasculitic etiologies for RVO ruled out by investigations, and with an underlying critical ailment in the form of COVID-19, we made a presumptive diagnosis as vasculitic-RVO secondary to COVID-19. Moreover, systemic vasculitis has been extensively described in relation to COVID-19.[6] Histologic evaluation of biopsy samples has frequently shown the involvement of the lung, liver, kidney, and skin.[1] This occurs secondary to type-3 hypersensitivity (immune-complex disease) wherein the deposition of immune-complexes leads to a pro-inflammatory stage and triggers a “cytokine-storm.”[1] In the present case, the retinal vasculitis was the only systemic manifestation which the patient suffered from. This is an interesting finding because any patient with retinal vasculitis without any known risk factors and keeping the current pandemic of COVID-19 in mind should be recommended an evaluation for 2019-nCoV.
The primary cellular receptor for the entry of SARS-CoV-2 is the angiotensin-converting-enzyme 2 (ACE2), which has been detected in the aqueous humor and the retina in humans.[1] Casagrande et al. evaluated retinal biopsy samples of 14 eyes of COVID-19 patients and demonstrated viral-RNA of SARS-CoV-2 in three of them.[1] Based on literature and current knowledge about the disease and its pathogenesis, the retinal vasculitis in our case could be either because of the thromboinflammatory cascade secondary to the “cytokine-storm” immune response or because of direct involvement of viral particles. Similar occlusive retinal vasculitis has also been described in other viral infections such as dengue and chikungunya.[7],[8] Additionally, other posterior segment involvements in these conditions include foveolitis, retinitis, neuroretinitis, optic neuritis, and panuveitis. The proposed mechanisms for such ocular manifestations in these viral entities also include direct viral involvement or a delayed immune response to the viral antigen.[7],[8] Considering that posterior segmental involvement is usually seen in 1–4 weeks following the onset of fever in these diseases, many authors favor immune-mediated pathogenesis as compared to direct virus infection.[8],[9] Likewise, even in our case, the time lag of 10 days between acute infection and retinal manifestation suggests a delayed immune complex deposition causing occlusion of retinal vessels. This could be a part of systemic vasculitis associated with COVID-19, which is commonly seen 7 days after the onset of fever. In view of these inflammatory organ injuries precipitating thromboembolism, recent studies have recommended the use of glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone and anticoagulants such as heparin for better prognosis and reducing mortality.[6],[10] Our patient too was started on oral steroids to surmount the potential systemic inflammation.
| Conclusion | | |
With the prevailing information regarding the ocular manifestations, much is still unknown regarding the virus and its effects. We believe that our case report whereby for the first time in literature, we illustrate vasculitic-RVO secondary to COVID-19, will allow us to increase our knowledge about the various ocular manifestations and be vigilant about this vision-threatening ocular disease.
Declaration of patient consent
The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form the patient(s) has/have given his/her/their consent for his/her/their images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | Casagrande M, Fitzek A, Püschel K, Aleshcheva G, Schultheiss HP, Berneking L, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in human retinal biopsies of deceased COVID-19 patients. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020;28:721-5.  |
| 2. | Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1708-20. |
| 3. | Lai CC, Shih TP, Ko WC, Tang HJ, Hsueh PR. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020;55:105924. |
| 4. | Marinho PM, Marcos AAA, Romano AC, Nascimento H, Belfort R Jr. Retinal findings in patients with COVID-19. Lancet 2020;395:1610. |
| 5. | Vavvas DG, Sarraf D, Sadda SR, Eliott D, Ehlers JP, Waheed NK, et al. Concerns about the interpretation of OCT and fundus findings in COVID-19 patients in recent Lancet publication. Eye (Lond) 2020;9:1-2. |
| 6. | RECOVERY Collaborative Group; Horby P, Lim WS, Emberson J, Mafham M, Bell J, Linsell L, et al. Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 - Preliminary Report. N Engl J Med 2020:10.1056/NEJMoa2021436. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2021436. |
| 7. | Velaitham P, Vijayasingham N. Central retinal vein occlusion concomitant with dengue fever. Int J Retina Vitreous 2016;2:1. |
| 8. | Lalitha P, Rathinam S, Banushree K, Maheshkumar S, Vijayakumar R, Sathe P. Ocular involvement associated with an epidemic outbreak of chikungunya virus infection. Am J Ophthalmol 2007;144:552-6. |
| 9. | Chan DP, Teoh SC, Tan CS, Nah GK, Rajagopalan R, Prabhakaragupta MK, et al. Ophthalmic complications of dengue. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:285-9. |
| 10. | Tang N, Bai H, Chen X, Gong J, Li D, Sun Z. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost 2020;18:1094-9. |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Retinal vascular occlusions in COVID-19 infection and vaccination: a literature review |
|
| Suji Yeo, Hanju Kim, Jiwon Lee, Jeonghyun Yi, Yoo-Ri Chung | | Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 2023; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
The spectrum of COVID-19-associated chorioretinal vasculopathy |
|
| Piero Carletti, Aaditya Shah, Christopher Bair, Christian Curran, Anthony Mai, Rachel Patel, Ramana Moorthy, Natalia Villate, Janet L. Davis, Albert T. Vitale, Akbar Shakoor, Lynn Hassman | | American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports. 2023; : 101857 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Histopathology and SARS-CoV-2 cellular localization in eye tissues of COVID-19 autopsies |
|
| H. Nida Sen, Kevin M. Vannella, Yujuan Wang, Joon-Yong Chung, Shilpa Kodati, Sabrina C. Ramelli, Jung Wha Lee, Paola Perez, Sydney R. Stein, Alison Grazioli, James M. Dickey, Kris Ylaya, Manmeet Singh, Kwe Claude Yinda, Andrew Platt, Marcos J. Ramos-Benitez, Christa Zerbe, Vincent J. Munster, Emmie de Wit, Blake M Warner, Daniel L. Herr, Joseph Rabin, Kapil K Saharia, David E. Kleiner, Stephen M. Hewitt, Chi-Chao Chan, Daniel S. Chertow, Sydney R. Stein, Sabrina C. Ramelli, Marcos J. Ramos-Benitez, Andrew P. Platt, James M. Dickey, Shelly J. Curran, Ashley L. Babyak, Luis Perez Valencia, Mary E. Richert, Kevin M. Vannella, Daniel S. Chertow, David E. Kleiner, Stephen M. Hewitt, Willie J. Young, Sarah P. Young, Billel Gasmi, Michelly Sampaio De Melo, Sabina Desar, Saber Tadros, Nadia Nasir, Xueting Jin, Sharika Rajan, Esra Dikoglu, Neval Ozkaya, Kris Ylaya, Joon-Yong Chung, Stefania Pittaluga, Grace Smith, Elizabeth R. Emanuel, Brian Kelsall, Justin A. Olivera, Megan Blawas, Alison Graz | | The American Journal of Pathology. 2023; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Clinical spectrum of ocular manifestations in COVID-19: a case series |
|
| Souheil Zayet, Ayoub Mihoubi, Marion Chatain, Nour Sreiri, Malek Bouzaien Trimech, Vincent Gendrin, Fatiha Benjelloun, Timothée Klopfenstein | | Infectious Medicine. 2023; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
COVID-19, post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS, “long COVID”) and post-COVID-19 vaccination syndrome (PCVS, “post-COVIDvac-syndrome”): Similarities and differences |
|
| Felix Scholkmann, Christian-Albrecht May | | Pathology - Research and Practice. 2023; : 154497 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Eye damage in COVID-19. Part 2: posterior segment complications, neuro-ophthalmic manifestations, vaccination and risk factors |
|
| N. I. Kurysheva, O. A. Evdokimova, A. D. Nikitina | | Russian Ophthalmological Journal. 2023; 16(1): 157 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
COVID - 19 y sus Manifestaciones en Cirugía de Retina |
|
| Marcelo Murillo-Sasamoto | | Highlights of Vitreoretina. 2023; 15(3): 26 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion After COVID-19 Infection: A Case Report |
|
| Petros Kapsis, Chrysa Agapitou, Eleni Dimitriou, Panagiotis Theodossiadis, Irini Chatziralli | | Cureus. 2023; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
Rapid Onset Neovascular Glaucoma due to COVID-19-related Retinopathy |
|
| Manoj Soman, Asmita Indurkar, Thomas George, Jay U Sheth, Unnikrishnan Nair | | Journal of Current Glaucoma Practice. 2022; 16(2): 136 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
Central retinal vein occlusion and occlusive vasculopathy at macula in a patient with recent COVID-19 infection |
|
| Oguzhan Kilicarslan, AslihanYilmaz Cebi, Didar Ucar | | Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology. 2022; 0(0): 0 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
Update on overview of ocular manifestations of COVID-19 |
|
| Mitra Akbari, Maryam Dourandeesh | | Frontiers in Medicine. 2022; 9 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
Pathogenesis of Vascular Retinal Manifestations in COVID-19 Patients: A Review |
|
| Elisa D’Alessandro, Aki Kawasaki, Chiara M. Eandi | | Biomedicines. 2022; 10(11): 2710 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 13 |
Hemi- and Central Retinal Vein Occlusion associated with COVID-19 infection in Young Patients without Known Risk Factors. |
|
| Noy Ashkenazy, Nimesh A. Patel, Jayanth Sridhar, Nicolas A. Yannuzzi, Peter J. Belin, Richard Kaplan, Nikisha Kothari, Gabriel A. Benitez Bajandas, Radha P. Kohly, Roberto Roizenblatt, Alexander Pinhas, Rusdeep Mundae, Richard B. Rosen, Edwin H. Ryan, Allen Chiang, Louis K. Chang, Rahul N. Khurana, Avni P. Finn | | Ophthalmology Retina. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 14 |
COVID-19-associated retinovasculitis in the late stage of HIV infection: a clinical case |
|
| T. V. Gavrilova, A. P. Sergienko, M. V. Chereshneva | | Russian Ophthalmological Journal. 2022; 15(4): 121 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 15 |
A rare case report of branch retinal vein occlusion in a COVID-19-positive patient |
|
| PradeepKumar Panigrahi | | Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology and Research. 2022; 10(2): 70 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 16 |
Bilateral central retinal vein occlusion and stevens-johnson syndrome associated with Coronavirus-19: A case report |
|
| Hamidreza Hasani, Benyamin Hakak-Zargar, SaharMohammad Poor Nami, NamiMohammadian Khonsari | | Journal of Current Ophthalmology. 2022; 34(1): 121 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 17 |
Study of the retina and optic nerve microvascular bed using optical coherence tomography-angiography in post-COVID-19 patients |
|
| V. ?. Turgel, S. N. Tultseva | | Regional blood circulation and microcirculation. 2022; 20(4): 21 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 18 |
Retinal Vein Occlusion with COVID-19: A Case Report and Review of Literature |
|
| C. O’Donovan, N. Vyas, F. Ghanchi | | Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 2022; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 19 |
Presumed Post COVID- Infection Retinitis – Clinical and Tomographic Features of Retinitis as a Post-COVID Syndrome |
|
| Apoorva Ayachit, Madan Joshi, Guruprasad Ayachit, Shrinivas Joshi, Priya Shah | | Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 2022; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 20 |
COVID-19 and the eye: alternative facts The 2022 Bowman Club, David L. Easty lecture |
|
| Lawson Ung, James Chodosh | | BMJ Open Ophthalmology. 2022; 7(1): e001042 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 21 |
Post COVID-19 complications, adjunct therapy explored, and steroidal after effects |
|
| Charu Sonkar, Vaishnavi Hase, Durba Banerjee, Awanish Kumar, Rajesh Kumar, Hem Chandra Jha | | Canadian Journal of Chemistry. 2022; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 22 |
Ocular manifestations of COVID-19 |
|
| Mashael Al-Namaeh | | Therapeutic Advances in Ophthalmology. 2022; 14: 2515841422 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 23 |
How Does SARS-CoV-2 Affect Our Eyes—What Have We Learnt So Far about the Ophthalmic Manifestations of COVID-19? |
|
| Jacek Baj, Alicja Forma, Barbara Teresinska, Magdalena Tyczynska, Julita Zembala, Jacek Januszewski, Jolanta Flieger, Grzegorz Buszewicz, Grzegorz Teresinski | | Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(12): 3379 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 24 |
Branch Retinal Vein Occlusions as a Serious Complication of Covid 19 Infection |
|
| Sanaa Ahmed Mohamed, Marwa Byomy, Eman El Sayed Mohamed El Sayed, Mostafa Osman Hussein, Marwa M. Abdulrehim , Ahmed Gomaa Elmahdy | | Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2022; 10(B): 2423 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 25 |
Retinal Manifestations of COVID-19 |
|
| Jay Sheth, Sameera Nayak, Raja Narayanan, Seenu Hariprasad | | Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers and Imaging Retina. 2022; 53(5): 246 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 26 |
Consecutive central and branch retinal vein occlusions in the same eye of a young healthy COVID-19 patient: A unique case report |
|
| Ayse Gül Altintas, Eren Ekici | | American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports. 2022; 27: 101669 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 27 |
Retinale Zentralvenenthrombose bei einem jungen 21-jährigen Mann – Was steckt dahinter? |
|
| P. Werkl, M. Sommer, C. Singer, H. Tomasic, G. Seidel, N. Woltsche | | Die Ophthalmologie. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 28 |
Overview of the retina and imaging in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 |
|
| Solmaz Abdolrahimzadeh, Manuel Lodesani, Daria Rullo, Alberto Mariani, Gianluca Scuderi | | International Ophthalmology. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 29 |
Use of Imaging Technology to Assess the Effect of COVID-19 on Retinal Tissues: A Systematic Review |
|
| Orlaith E. McGrath, Tariq M. Aslam | | Ophthalmology and Therapy. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 30 |
Unilateral Optic Neuritis as the First and Only Manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 Infection |
|
| Clarice Giacuzzo, Aki Kawasaki | | Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde. 2022; 239(04): 464 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 31 |
Transparente Darstellung von Kasuistiken nach COVID-19-Erkrankung oder COVID-19-Impfung – eine zeitliche Koinzidenz |
|
| Vera Elisabeth Pawlik, Armin Mohi, Felix Rommel, Vinodh Kakkassery, Mahdy Ranjbar, Salvatore Grisanti | | Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 32 |
COVID-19 Related Health Disparities in Ophthalmology with a Retrospective Analysis at a Large Academic Public Hospital |
|
| Y. Grace Chung, Christie M. Person, Jacquelyn O’Banion, Susan A. Primo | | Advances in Ophthalmology and Optometry. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 33 |
LOW VULNERABILITY OF THE POSTERIOR EYE SEGMENT TO SARS-COV-2 INFECTION |
|
| Steffen Emil Künzel, Thore Bürgel, Sandrine Helene Künzel, Dominika Pohlmann, Oliver Zeitz, Antonia Joussen, Alexandre Dubrac | | Retina. 2022; 42(2): 236 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 34 |
CHARACTERIZING COVID-19–RELATED RETINAL VASCULAR OCCLUSIONS |
|
| Alex Fonollosa, José Hernández-Rodríguez, Carlos Cuadros, Lena Giralt, Cristina Sacristán, Joseba Artaraz, Laura Pelegrín, Álvaro Olate-Pérez, Rosa Romero, Salvador Pastor-Idoate, Eva María Sobas Bsc, Sonia Fernández-Fidalgo, Maximino J. Abraldes, Andrea Oleñik, Alfredo Insausti-García, Pedro Torres, Carmela Porcar, Daniela Rego Lorca, Alfredo Adan | | Retina. 2022; 42(3): 465 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 35 |
MYTHS AND TRUTHS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF RETINAL VASCULAR OCCLUSION WITH COVID-19 |
|
| Ashish Sharma, Nikulaa Parachuri, Nilesh Kumar, Mario Rosario Romano, Barbara Parolini, Sengul Ozdek, Mohamed A. Tawfik, Ameen Marashi, Baruch D. Kuppermann, Quan Dong Nguyen | | Retina. 2022; 42(3): 413 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 36 |
Retinal and choroidal manifestations of COVID-19 |
|
| Youning Zhang, Jay M. Stewart | | Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 2021; 32(6): 536 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 37 |
COVID-19-associated central retinal vein occlusion treated with oral aspirin |
|
| Ramesh Venkatesh, Nikitha Gurram Reddy, Sameeksha Agrawal, Arpitha Pereira | | BMJ Case Reports. 2021; 14(5): e242987 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 38 |
Hemi-central retinal vein occlusion as a rare manifestation of the hypercoagulable state in COVID-19 |
|
| Jose R Russe-Russe, Alejandro Alvarez-Betancourt, Amanda Milburn, Prachi Anand | | BMJ Case Reports. 2021; 14(11): e246428 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 39 |
Bilateral Central Retinal Artery Occlusion Secondary to SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Early and Late Periods: A Case Report |
|
| Mine Karahan, Seyfettin Erdem, Leyla Hazar, Mehmet Emin Dursun, Sedat Ava, Huseyin Emek, Ugur Keklikci | | Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 40 |
Retinal Vasculitis Case Developing in the Early Period after COVID-19 |
|
| Seyfettin Erdem, Mine Karahan, Mehmet Emin Dursun, Sedat Ava, Leyla Hazar, Ibrahim Katran, Ugur Keklikci | | Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 41 |
Ophthalmic Outpatient and Inpatient Care Under Pandemic Conditions: Hygiene, Triage and New Challenges |
|
| Lars-Olof Hattenbach, Nicolas Feltgen, Nicole Eter, Sami Al-Nawaiseh, Argyrios Chronopoulos | | Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde. 2021; 238(05): 561 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 42 |
Vascular Damage May Mimic Retinitis and Optic Neuritis in COVID-19 |
|
| Josef Finsterer, Fulvio A Scorza, Carla A Scorza, Ana C Fiorini | | Current Eye Research. 2021; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 43 |
COVID-19 induced maculopathy |
|
| Ashok Kumar, Poninder Kumar, Jaya Kaushik, Srujana Dubbaka, Lalitha Kumari Manumala | | Clinical and Experimental Optometry. 2021; 104(6): 734 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 44 |
Simultaneous Bilateral Central Retinal Artery Occlusion following COVID-19 Infection |
|
| Maneesh M Bapaye, Akshay Gopinathan Nair, Charuta M Bapaye, Meena M Bapaye, Juilee J Shukla | | Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 2021; 29(4): 671 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 45 |
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion Presumably Associated with Lupus Anticoagulant Induced by SARSCoV-2 |
|
| Carlos Cuadros Sánchez, Cristina Sacristán Egüen, Raquel Gutierrez-Ezquerro, Lena Giralt-Peret, Alex Fonollosa | | Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 2021; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 46 |
Bilateral post fever retinitis with retinal vascular occlusions following severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus (SARS-CoV2) infection |
|
| Padmamalini Mahendradas, Prathibha Hande, Aditya Patil, Ankush Kawali, Srinivasan Sanjay, Syed Asrar Ahmed, Sherina Thomas, Rohit Shetty | | Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 2021; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 47 |
Post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Syndrome Associated with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion: A Case Report |
|
| Clare Quigley, Triona Butler, Luke Byrne, David Moore, Aoife Doyle | | Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 2021; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 48 |
An Unusual Presentation of Pyelonephritis: Is It COVID-19 Related? |
|
| L. J. van ‘t Hof, L. Pellikaan, D. Soonawala, H. Roshani | | SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine. 2021; 3(6): 1428 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 49 |
Acute macular neuroretinopathy associated with COVID-19 infection |
|
| James A. David, George D. Fivgas | | American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports. 2021; 24: 101232 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 50 |
Treatment Landscape of Macular Disorders in Indian Patients with the Advent of Razumab™ (World’s First Biosimilar Ranibizumab): A Comprehensive Review |
|
| Shashikant Sharma, Tanishq Sharma, Somdutt Prasad, Mahesh Gopalakrishnan, Alok Chaturvedi | | Ophthalmology and Therapy. 2021; 10(3): 431 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 51 |
Reduced macular vessel density in COVID-19 patients with and without associated thrombotic events using optical coherence tomography angiography |
|
| Noemi Guemes-Villahoz, Barbara Burgos-Blasco, Beatriz Vidal-Villegas, Juan Donate-López, María Herrera de la Muela, Lorenzo López-Guajardo, Francisco Javier Martín-Sánchez, Julián García-Feijoó | | Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 2021; 259(8): 2243 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 52 |
Retinal manifestations in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenetic implications: a systematic review |
|
| Sagnik Sen, Naresh Babu Kannan, Jayant Kumar, Renu P. Rajan, Karthik Kumar, Girish Baliga, Harshavardhan Reddy, Anubhav Upadhyay, Kim Ramasamy | | International Ophthalmology. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 53 |
Evaluation of choroidal thickness in patients who have recovered from COVID-19 |
|
| Seyfettin Erdem, Mine Karahan, Sedat Ava, Mehmet Emin Dursun, Birgul Dursun, Leyla Hazar, Berivan Bozarslan Senol, Ugur Keklikci | | International Ophthalmology. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 54 |
Unilateral submacular hemorrhage: Novel presentation of COVID-19 infection |
|
| Ashok Kumar, Akanksha Sahu, Jaya Kaushik, Amit Arora, Srujana Dubbaka, Lalitha K. Manumala | | Journal of Medical Virology. 2021; 93(7): 4122 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 55 |
Efectos de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 en una cohorte de pacientes con obstrucción venosa retiniana |
|
| J.D. García Palacios, N. Puente Ruiz, J.J. Napal Lecumberri, J.L. Hernández Hernández | | Revista Clínica Española. 2021; 221(10): 587 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 56 |
Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on a cohort of patients with vein occlusion |
|
| J.D. García Palacios, N. Puente Ruiz, J.J. Napal Lecumberri, J.L. Hernández Hernández | | Revista Clínica Española (English Edition). 2021; 221(10): 587 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 57 |
Choriorétinopathie séreuse centrale bilatérale post-COVID-19 |
|
| A. Mahjoub, A. Dlensi, A. Romdhane, N. Ben Abdesslem, A. Mahjoub, C. Bachraoui, H. Mahjoub, M. Ghorbel, L. Knani, F. Krifa | | Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie. 2021; 44(10): 1484 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 58 |
Combined retinal vascular occlusion in a recovered case of COVID-19 |
|
| JaydeepAvinash Walinjkar | | Apollo Medicine. 2021; 0(0): 0 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 59 |
Publication trend of COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 articles in the Indian Journal of Ophthalmology during the pandemic |
|
| Bharat Gurnani, Kirandeep Kaur | | Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2021; 69(5): 1241 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 60 |
Sight-threatening intraocular infection in patients with COVID-19 in India |
|
| Sameera Nayak, Taraprasad Das, Deepika Parameswarappa, Savitri Sharma, Saumya Jakati, Subhadra Jalali, Raja Narayanan, Soumyava Basu, Mudit Tyagi, VivekPravin Dave, RajeevReddy Pappuru, Avinash Pathengay, Hrishikesh Kaza, PadmajaKumari Rani, Shashwat Behera, NirojKumar Sahoo, Aditya Kapoor, Hitesh Agrawal, Komal Agarwal, Brijesh Takkar, VishalRamesh Raval | | Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2021; 69(12): 3664 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 61 |
Central retinal vein occlusion secondary to varicella zoster retinal vasculitis in an immunocompetent individual during the COVID-19 pandemic - A case report |
|
| Shailaja Sarpangala, NeenuM George, YogishS Kamath, Chidanand Kulkarni | | Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2021; 69(9): 2532 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 62 |
COVID-19 and Eye: A Review of Ophthalmic Manifestations of COVID-19 |
|
| Mrittika Sen, SantoshG Honavar, Namrata Sharma, MahipalS Sachdev | | Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2021; 69(3): 488 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 63 |
Comments on: Retinal vein occlusion in COVID-19: A novel entity |
|
| PRaja Rami Reddy, DeependraV Singh, Abhilasha Baharani | | Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2021; 69(1): 192 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 64 |
Response to comments on: Retinal vein occlusion in COVID 19: A novel entity |
|
| JayU Sheth, Raja Narayanan | | Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2021; 69(1): 193 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 65 |
Comments on: Retinal vein occlusion in COVID-19: A novel entity |
|
| Padmamalini Mahendradas, Swaminathan Sethu, Srinivasan Sanjay, Ankush Kawali, Rohit Shetty | | Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2021; 69(1): 194 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 66 |
Response to comments on: Retinal vein occlusion in COVID-19: A novel entity |
|
| JayU Sheth, Raja Narayanan, Jay Goyal, Vinod Goyal | | Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2021; 69(1): 195 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 67 |
Unilateral inferior altitudinal visual field defect related to COVID-19 |
|
| Akanksha Sharma, UrvashiSinai Kudchadkar, Rohit Shirodkar, UgamP S Usgaonkar, Aparna Naik | | Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2021; 69(4): 989 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 68 |
A case series of presumed fungal endogenous endophthalmitis in post COVID-19 patients |
|
| KunalK Shah, Devendra Venkatramani, ParthopratimDutta Majumder | | Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2021; 69(5): 1322 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 69 |
Cavernous sinus thrombosis with central retinal artey occlusion in COVID-19: A case report and review of literature |
|
| Anuradha Raj, Navjot Kaur, Navdeep Kaur | | Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2021; 69(5): 1327 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 70 |
Endogenous fungal endophthalmitis following intensive corticosteroid therapy in severe COVID-19 disease |
|
| Daraius Shroff, Ritesh Narula, Neelam Atri, Arindam Chakravarti, Arpan Gandhi, Neelam Sapra, Gagan Bhatia, ShraddhaR Pawar, Shishir Narain | | Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2021; 69(7): 1909 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 71 |
Central retinal vein occlusion in the setting of COVID-19 infection |
|
| Nilesh Raval, Anna Djougarian, James Lin | | Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection. 2021; 11(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 72 |
“Old wine in a new bottle” - post COVID-19 infection, central serous chorioretinopathy and the steroids |
|
| Srinivasan Sanjay, Poornachandra B. Gowda, Bhimasena Rao, Deepashri Mutalik, Padmamalini Mahendradas, Ankush Kawali, Rohit Shetty | | Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection. 2021; 11(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 73 |
Long-term ocular damage after recovery from COVID-19: lack of evidence at three months |
|
| Victor Brantl, Benedikt Schworm, Gregor Weber, Johannes Schiefelbein, Thomas C. Kreutzer, Stylianos Michalakis, Jakob Siedlecki, Siegfried G. Priglinger | | BMC Ophthalmology. 2021; 21(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 74 |
COVID-19 as a new risk factor for the development of acute vascular diseases of the optic nerve and retina |
|
| Vadim A. Turgel, Vladimir A. Antonov, Svetlana N. Tultseva, Fedor E. Shadrichev, Niurguyana N. Grigorieva | | Ophthalmology Journal. 2021; 14(2): 105 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 75 |
Bilateral neurorethinovasculitis associated with COVID-19 infection in a girl 17 years old |
|
| Ekaterina Denisova, E. N Demchenko, Elizaveta A. Geraskina, Mariia A. Khrabrova, Anna Y. Panova | | Russian Pediatric Ophthalmology. 2021; 16(2): 41 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 76 |
Retinal manifestations of COVID-19 |
|
| Diva Kant Misra | | Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 2021; 7(1): 179 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 77 |
Concurrent and Post COVID-19 Ophthalmological Implications |
|
| Tamer EE Wasfy, Mohamed A Eldesouky, Yasser Serag, Hazem A Elbedewy | | Clinical Ophthalmology. 2021; Volume 15: 4467 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 78 |
Characteristics and Outcomes of a Series of COVID-Associated Mucormycosis Patients in Two Different Settings in Egypt Through the Third Pandemic Wave |
|
| Yousef A Fouad, Hatem M Bakre, Mahmoud A Nassar, Mohamed Omar A Gad, Ashraf Abdelsalam Kandeel Shaat | | Clinical Ophthalmology. 2021; Volume 15: 4795 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 79 |
Impact of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Ophthalmological Assistance in the Emergency Department at a Spanish Primary Level Hospital |
|
| Julio González-Martín-Moro, Elena Guzmán-Almagro, Carlos Izquierdo Rodríguez, Ana Fernández Hortelano, Inmaculada Lozano Escobar, Fernando Gómez Sanz, Inés Contreras, Paolo Milani | | Journal of Ophthalmology. 2021; 2021: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 80 |
COVID-19: Update on Its Ocular Involvements, and Complications From Its Treatments and Vaccinations |
|
| Timothy P.H. Lin, Chung-Nga Ko, Ke Zheng, Kenny H.W. Lai, Raymond L.M. Wong, Allie Lee, Shaochong Zhang, Suber S. Huang, Kelvin H. Wan, Dennis S.C. Lam | | Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology. 2021; 10(6): 521 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 81 |
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion in Patient with COVID-19: Case Report |
|
| Orhan Ates, Mustafa Yildirim, Kenan Yildirim | | Korean Journal of Ophthalmology. 2021; 35(6): 484 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 82 |
Autoimmune and Rheumatic Manifestations Associated With COVID-19 in Adults: An Updated Systematic Review |
|
| Kuo-Tung Tang, Bo-Chueh Hsu, Der-Yuan Chen | | Frontiers in Immunology. 2021; 12 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 83 |
Retinal Involvement in COVID-19: Results From a Prospective Retina Screening Program in the Acute and Convalescent Phase |
|
| Reema Bansal, Ashish Markan, Nitin Gautam, Rashmi Ranjan Guru, P. V. M. Lakshmi, Deeksha Katoch, Aniruddha Agarwal, Mini P. Singh, Vikas Suri, Ritin Mohindra, Neeru Sahni, Ashish Bhalla, Pankaj Malhotra, Vishali Gupta, G. D. Puri | | Frontiers in Medicine. 2021; 8 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 84 |
Retinal manifestations of COVID-19 disease - A review of available information |
|
| KaberiBiswas Feroze | | Kerala Journal of Ophthalmology. 2021; 33(2): 132 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 85 |
The Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on the Ocular Surface and Prevention Strategies |
|
| Koji Kitazawa, Stefanie Deinhardt-Emmer, Takenori Inomata, Sharvari Deshpande, Chie Sotozono | | Cells. 2021; 10(4): 796 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 86 |
Uveitis and Other Ocular Complications Following COVID-19 Vaccination |
|
| Elena Bolletta, Danilo Iannetta, Valentina Mastrofilippo, Luca De Simone, Fabrizio Gozzi, Stefania Croci, Martina Bonacini, Lucia Belloni, Alessandro Zerbini, Chantal Adani, Luigi Fontana, Carlo Salvarani, Luca Cimino | | Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(24): 5960 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 87 |
Vitreoretinal abnormalities in corona virus disease 2019 patients: What we know so far |
|
| Nathania Sutandi, Felix Lee | | Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology. 2021; 0(0): 0 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 88 |
Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion in a COVID-19 Positive Patient |
|
| Sarah Madison Duff, Matthew Wilde, Gibran Khurshid | | Cureus. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
 |
|
|
|
.png "Santen")
Search Pubmed for