• Users Online: 50838
  • Home
  • Print this page
  • Email this page

   Table of Contents      
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 2020  |  Volume : 68  |  Issue : 5  |  Page : 834-839

Clinical presentations, microbiology and management outcomes of culture-proven endogenous endophthalmitis in India


1 Smt. Kanuri Santhamma Center for Vitreoretinal Diseases, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
2 Vitreoretina and Uveitis Service, GMR Varalakshmi Campus, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
3 Jhaveri Microbiology Center, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

Date of Submission05-Jun-2019
Date of Acceptance18-Nov-2019
Date of Web Publication20-Apr-2020

Correspondence Address:
Avinash Pathengay
Vitreoretina and Uveitis Service, GMR Varalakshmi Campus, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh
India
Login to access the Email id

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1091_19

Rights and Permissions
  Abstract 


Purpose: To report the clinical presentation, microbiology, and management outcome of endogenous endophthalmitis in Indian patients. Methods: Retrospective chart review of culture-positive (vitreous/urine/blood) endogenous endophthalmitis cases treated in tertiary eye care facility in India was done. Results: The study included 173 eyes of 117 patients. Mean patient age was 25.41 ± 20.46 years (median 24 years). Pre-disposing systemic illness could not be elicited in 79 (67.63%) patients. Commonest predisposing systemic condition in patients where it could be detected (n = 79) was pyrexia of unknown origin (25/79 = 32.0%). Following treatment, 45 out of 173 (26.0%) eyes regained vision of ≥20/400. Commonest isolated organism from vitreous was Streptococcus pneumoniae (36 eyes, 20.8%) and fungi were isolated in 24 (13.8%) eyes, the commonest being Candida spp. (8/24, 33.33%). Favorable functional outcome was seen in 26% eyes and favorable anatomic outcome in 43% eyes. Those with an underlying systemic illness were older (P = 0.02), had greater urine culture positivity (P = 0.003), lesser vitreous culture positivity (0.001), greater gram negative etiology (P = 0.0006), and greater fungal etiology (P = 0.01) as compared to those cases without underlying systemic illness. Conclusion: Endogenous endophthalmitis in India often presents in young immunocompetent individuals without any underlying systemic illness and with negative blood or urine microbiologic work up. Underlying systemic illness leads to greater gram-negative and fungal etiology. Overall visual outcome is poor inspite of prompt management.

Keywords: Endogenous, endophthalmitis, outcomes


How to cite this article:
Dave VP, Pathengay A, Panchal B, Jindal A, Datta A, Sharma S, Pappuru RR, Joseph J, Jalali S, Das T. Clinical presentations, microbiology and management outcomes of culture-proven endogenous endophthalmitis in India. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020;68:834-9

How to cite this URL:
Dave VP, Pathengay A, Panchal B, Jindal A, Datta A, Sharma S, Pappuru RR, Joseph J, Jalali S, Das T. Clinical presentations, microbiology and management outcomes of culture-proven endogenous endophthalmitis in India. Indian J Ophthalmol [serial online] 2020 [cited 2024 Mar 28];68:834-9. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/ijo/pages/default.aspx/text.asp?2020/68/5/834/282907



Endogenous endophthalmitis (EE) is caused by a hematogenous spread of infection from a systemic focus to the eye. It accounts for 2-15% of all endophthalmitis cases reported in the world.[1],[2],[3] Etiology of EE is multifactorial. Both bacteria and fungi are implicated.[1],[4] While the gram positive cocci (Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp.) are more often reported from the West, gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella spp.) are more often reported in the South-east Asia.[5],[6],[7],[8],[9],[10],[11],[12],[13],[14] The largest series reported from India is description of 61 cases.[15] In this study we report 117 cases of endogenous endophthalmitis, currently the largest from India and compare the data with similar large series from different parts of the world.


  Methods Top


Case records of all cases with endogenous endophthalmitis from January 2006 to July 2018 were identified by the institute medical record system and the microbiology laboratory records. All cases presenting with spontaneous onset redness, lid edema, hypopyon, decreased vision, and vitreous exudates were clinically defined as endogenous endophthalmitis. Of these, culture-positive cases were included in the study. Cases that did not fit into the above inclusion criteria were included. Institutional Review Board approval for the study was taken. Details of history, clinical examination, clinical features at presentation, microbiological evaluation including antibiotic susceptibility report and clinical response to therapy were obtained from the chart review. The essential clinical findings included presenting and final best corrected visual acuity, status of anterior segment, presence/absence of hypopyon, extent of fundal glow and status of the retinal vessels, if visible. Whenever the fundus was not visible by the binocular indirect ophthalmoscope using the highest illumination, B-scan ultrasonography was done to determine the extent and location of vitreous involvement and other posterior segment diseases, such as retinal detachment, choroidal thickening, or choroidal detachment. All patients received a detailed medical examination by an internist and a detailed laboratory work up. The work up included a complete blood picture with differential count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, blood culture, urine microscopy with culture and a comprehensive clinical examination in all cases. Depending upon the history and clinical examination leads, specific investigations like X-ray chest, abdominal ultrasound and computerized tomography were done in selected patients.

Intervention

As per the institute protocol, the surgical management of endophthalmitis consisted of pars plana vitrectomy, direct microscopy and culture of undiluted vitreous, antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacterial isolates, intravitreal antibiotics (vancomycin, 1 mg/0.1 ml + ceftazidime, 2.25 mg/0.1 ml) with or without dexamethasone (400 μg/0.1 ml). The medical treatment also included intensive topical antibiotics (ciprofloxacin 0.3% one hourly) and corticosteroid (prednisolone acetate 1% one hourly) and oral ciprofloxacin (750 mg two times per day) for 7-10 days. Additional procedures such as repeat intravitreal antibiotics or repeat pars plana vitreous lavage depended on the response to treatment and were left to the decision of the treating physicians. In cases with hazy view due to corneal involvement, a vitreous biopsy was performed instead of a vitrectomy procedure.

Surgical technique

Undiluted vitreous was collected at the beginning of the surgery in all cases, using a vitreous cutter. Topical 5% povidone iodine was used to prepare the eye before surgery and then instilled in the cul-de-sac in all cases at the end of surgery. A standard 3-port technique was used employing a vacuum setting of 200-300 mm Hg and a cutter setting of 3000-5000 cps. The cutter was connected to a 2 cc plastic disposable syringe. As the cutter-aspiration was started by the surgeon, simultaneously, the assistant aspirated the vitreous into the 2 cc syringe. Further handling and processing of the sample and the final interpretation was done as per the institute protocol.[7],[8] Vitrectomy was done within 24 hours of presentation, either using a 20 G or 23/25 G system. In the former cases, the conjunctiva and scleral incisions were sutured with 7-0 polyglactin sutures.

Microbiological processing of vitreous, urine and blood

The microbiological processing of vitreous sample included direct microscopy by 0.1% Calcofluor white stain, Gram stain and Giemsa stain. Culture of the vitreous sample was done on 5% sheep blood chocolate agar, 5% sheep blood agar, brain heart infusion broth, thioglycollate broth, Robertson's cooked meat broth, Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) and potato dextrose agar (PDA). All media were incubated at 37°C for one week except SDA and PDA that were incubated at 27°C for two weeks. Blood sample (5-10 ml) was aseptically collected and inoculated in blood culture bottle (Hi Media, Mumbai, India) and incubated at 37°C for one week. Growth was checked by subculture on blood agar. Measured (1 μl) volume of mid-stream aseptically collected urine was inoculated on blood and MacConkey's agar (within one hour of collection) and incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. Growth of more than 105 cfu/ml was considered significant.

Bacterial and yeast isolates were identified by a combination of conventional microbiological and automated methods such as Vitek 2 compact system, (bioMérieux, France). The bacterial isolates were tested for susceptibility to various antibiotics using the Kirby–Bauer Disc-diffusion method on Mueller Hinton blood agar. The filamentous fungi were identified by culture characteristics and type of sporulation.

Outcome definition

The outcome at the last visit was considered for final analysis. A favorable anatomic outcome was defined as preservation of the globe, absence of hypotony (intraocular pressure ≥5 mm Hg), attached retina and absence of active inflammation. A favorable functional outcome was defined as an attached retina with a best-corrected visual acuity of ≥20/400.

Statistical analysis

The data were arranged on an Excel spread sheet and analyzed using the statistical software MedCalcver 12.2.1.0 (Ostend, Belgium). Percentage confidence intervals were calculated using online statistical calculators (https://www.allto.co.uk/tools/statistic-calculators). Odds ratio with appropriate confidence intervals was computed for possible risk variables. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Comparison of continuous non-dependent variable with a categorical dependent variable was done using logistic regression. The functional outcome was the dependent factor for the logistic regression.


  Results Top


The study included 173 consecutive eyes of 117 patients (male 55%; female 45%) with culture-proven EE. The mean age at presentation was 25.41 ± 20.46 years (median 24 years). The interval between the start of symptoms and the inciting event was a mean of 10.12 ± 8.8 days (median: 4 days; range: 1 to 24 days). The interval between the start of symptoms and presentation to the clinic was a mean of 13.61 ± 30.2 days (median: 7 days; range 1-90 days). The mean follow up was 20.35 ± 30.5 months (median: 7; range 2 to 131). There were 8 (4.62%) eyes with concurrent corneal infiltrates. In only 4 (2.31%) eyes, the presenting vision was ≥20/400. Seventy-six (43.9%) eyes registered anatomical success and 46 (26%) eyes registered functional success in this series. The demographic and clinical features of the cases are summarized in [Table 1]. Nineteen patients were diabetic at presentation but with well-controlled blood sugars (mean fasting blood sugar of 115 mg%; range 90 mg% to 183 mg%, and HbA1c of 6.8; range 6.1 to 7.2 mg %).
Table 1: Demographic and clinical features of the cases in this series

Click here to view


Microbiology

The broad distribution of infecting organisms was gram-positive bacteria 48%; gram-negative bacteria 37%; fungi 15%. The commonest organisms in these groups were Streptococcus pneumoniae (36 eyes, 20.8% of total; 44.5% of gram-positive cocci group) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15 eyes, 8.67% of total; 23.4% of gram-negative bacilli group), and Candida spp. (8 eyes, 4.62% of total). The various organisms isolated are summarized in [Table 2]. The internist examination could not reveal an identifiable focus of infection in 117 (67.63%) patients. The foci of infection in the remaining 56 patients were: pyrexia of unknown origin (10.4%), post solid organ surgery (2.9%), complicated abortion (2.4%), and cellulitis (2.4%) [Table 3]. In gram-positive bacterial cases, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was chloramphenicol (98.48%), vancomycin (98.38%) >ofloxacin (94.11%) > moxifloxacin (94%) and ciprofloxacin (91.52%). In gram-negative organisms, the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was imipenem (86.95%) > ciprofloxacin (79.36%) >ofloxacin (78.12%) >amikacin (60%), and ceftazidime (54.38%) [Table 4].
Table 2: Table showing the various micro -organisms isolated and cultured

Click here to view
Table 3: Summary of various systemic foci of infection determined in this series

Click here to view
Table 4: Antimicrobial susceptibilities of various organisms tested

Click here to view


Primary intervention

Primary vitreous tap alone was done in 58 eyes and 39 eyes underwent a pars plana vitrectomy at a later date. Primary vitrectomy was done in 115 eyes. All eyes received intravitreal vancomycin with ceftazidime in the primary intervention. Additionally, 9 eyes received intravitreal amphotericin B and 3 eyes received intravitreal voriconazole at the primary intervention due to high suspicion of fungal infection.

Secondary intervention

The treating physician decided the type and timing of secondary intervention. There were 620 repeat interventions—543 repeat intravitreal injection and 77 repeat vitreous surgery (lavage/vitrectomy). This accounted to mean of 3.6 repeat intervention—mean 3.1 repeat intravitreal injection and mean 0.4 repeat vitreous surgery. The intravitreal injection was repeated more often in bacterial infection (482 times in 149 bacterial infection eyes = 3.2 times; 61 times in 24 fungal infection eyes = 2.5 times) and vitreous surgery was more often repeated in fungal infection (49 times in 24 fungal infection eyes = 2.0 times; 28 times in 149 bacterial infection eyes = 0.2 times). The intravitreal injections in fungal infection were repeated every 48 hours for amphotericin B and every 24 hours for voriconazole as decided by the treating physicians.[12],[13] The mean time interval between presentation and the first intravitreal antifungal antibiotic injection was 9.27 ± 9.03 days (Median 7 days). The cumulated intervention in these 173 eyes included 683 intravitreal injections, 58 taps, 154 vitrectomies, and 38 vitreous lavages [Chart 1] mean 3.94 intravitreal injections/eye, and mean 1.44 other surgical procedures/eye.



Outcome

Overall, a favorable anatomic outcome was seen in 76 eyes (43.93%) and a favorable functional outcome was seen in 45 eyes (26.01%). Multiple factors were assessed to look for those that affected the final outcome but only the type of intervention done primarily had a bearing on the final functional outcome. The odds of a favorable functional outcome when primary PPV was done instead of primary tap were 2.28 (95% Confidence Interval, CI: 1.06 to 4.88, P = 0.03). Adverse outcomes seen at the last visit were phthisis bulbi in 66 (38.2%) eyes, recurrent retinal detachment in 19 (10.9%) eyes and hypotony in 12 (6.9%) eyes. Overall, 50 (29%) eyes had no perception of light, 41 (23.7%) eyes had perception to hand motions vision, 45 (52%) eyes had ≥20/400 to 20/40 vision, and 19 (11%) eyes had ≥20/40 vision at the last examination visit. Certain differences were noted when cases with no underlying systemic illness were compared with those having underlying systemic illness [Table 5]. Lens status was as follows: 41% clear, 42% cataractous, 5% aphakic, 12% pseudophakic. Those with an underlying systemic illness were older (P = 0.02), had greater urine culture positivity (P = 0.003), lesser vitreous culture positivity (0.001), greater gram negative etiology (P = 0.0006), and greater fungal etiology (P = 0.01) as compared to those cases without underlying systemic illness.
Table 5: Comparison of presentations and results of cases with and without underlying systemic illness

Click here to view



  Discussion Top


The current communication describes the presentation, microbiology, management and outcome of culture-proven endogenous endophthalmitis patients treated at our institute. We compared this data with other recently reported largest series from south-east Asia [14] (n = 143), from India [15] (n = 61), and from the USA [16] (n = 34) [Table 6]. The following were the salient observations in the current series compared to other series:[14],[15],[16] (1) poor detection of an underlying systemic illness (32.3% in this series vs 75%, 53.4%, 97% respectively reported elsewhere [14],[15],[16]), (2) younger age at presentation (mean 25.4 years in this series vs 52.6 years, 34.6 years and 63.3 years respectively [14],[15],[16]), (3) lesser systemic symptoms (23.7% in this series vs 70%, 37.9% and 67.6% respectively [14],[15],[16]), (4) poor blood culture positivity (0.57% in this series vs 42%, 5.8% and 33.3% respectively [14],[15],[16]), (5) lesser urine culture positivity (6.3% in this series vs 41.3%, 11.6% and 25.9% respectively,[14],[15],[16] (6) high vitreous culture positivity (93.06% in this series vs 22.3%, 47.05% and 70.58% respectively [14],[15],[16]), (7) lower fungal infection (15% in this series vs 19.5% and 41.17% respectively [14],[15],[16]), and (8) higher rate of vitreous surgery (89% in this series vs 51.4%, 62.3% and 61.7% respectively [14],[15],[16]).
Table 6: Comparison of features of EE in the current series with previous large literature around the world

Click here to view


The important features in EE are systemic factors, age, tissue fluid (blood and urine) culture, and the infecting organism. Systemic illness preceding and probably leading to endogenous endophthalmitis have been reported from various regions of the world. It includes indwelling urinary or intravenous catheters or systemic immunosuppression reported from the West,[2],[4],[17] and uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and hepato-biliary diseases reported from the South-east Asia.[18],[19],[20] While there are reports of endogenous endophthalmitis in neonates,[21],[22] most patients in the world present in the fifth-sixth decade of life.[17],[18],[19],[20] Endogenous endophthalmitis secondary to Niesseria spp. reported in younger health patients could be an exception.[2],[23],[24]

In all probability debilitating conditions like chronic immune-compromising illnesses (diabetes mellitus, renal failure), indwelling or long-term intravenous catheters, immunosuppressive diseases and therapy (malignancies, human immunodeficiency virus infection or HIV, chemotherapeutic agents), recent invasive surgery, endocarditis, gastrointestinal procedures, hepatobiliary tract infections, and intravenous drug abuse account for higher fungus and gram-negative infections. That the patients in this series were younger, immunocompetent, and without detectable systemic illness despite extensive work up explains more of bacterial infection and gram-positive bacterial infection. Even then, the visual outcome in the current study was poor. We suspect it was related to relatively more virulent infection in each group of microorganism—Streptococcus spp. in gram positive bacteria,[23],[24],[25],[26]Pseudomonas spp. in gram negative bacteria [27], and Aspergillus spp in fungi.[28] The current study is in-sync with previous reports suggesting the possibility of endogenous endophthalmitis in otherwise healthy non-immunocompromised patients.[29],[30] The proposed hypothesis is a possible usage of contaminated intravenous infusion set for a past illness which the patient may not necessarily elicit a history for. Such infusions especially when administered in indigenous rural settings were potential risk factors as per the reports. As these patients are largely not systemically sick, this could be a possible reason for low pathogens in the systemic circulation and resultant negative culture. Higher rate of vitreous surgery noted, may be dependent on surgeon's preference as few surgeons may be aggressive in the choice of modality. In view of this being a retrospective study this limitation may lead to analysis bias, since the treating doctor was variable.


  Conclusion Top


In conclusion, endogenous endophthalmitis in the Indian subcontinent presents a unique clinicodemographic profile. Most patients are young and immunocompetent without any underlying systemic focus of infection. Blood and urine culture could be negative and vitreous is the commonest sample to test positive for the infectious agent. The anatomic and visual outcomes are poor though an early treatment, particularly early vitrectomy is more useful.

Financial support and sponsorship

This research was funded by the Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation, Hyderabad.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.



 
  References Top

1.
Connell PP, O'Neill EC, Fabinyi D, Islam FM, Buttery R, McCombe M, et al. Endogenous endophthalmitis: 10-year experience at a tertiary referral centre. Eye 2011;25:66-72.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Okada AA, Johnson RP, Liles WC, D'Amico DJ, Baker AS. Endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis: Report of a ten-year retrospective study. Ophthalmology 1994;101:832-8.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Chee SP, Jap A. Endogenous endophthalmitis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2001;12:464-70.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Schiedler V, Scott IU, Flynn HW Jr, Davis JL, Benz MS, Miller D. Culture-proven endogenous endophthalmitis: Clinical features and visual acuity outcomes. Am J Ophthalmol 2004;137:725-31.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Jackson TL, Eykyn SJ, Graham EM, Stanford MR. Endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis: A 17-year prospective series and review of 267 reported cases. Surv Ophthalmol 2003;48:403-23.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Tsai AS, Lee SY, Jap AH. An unusual case of recurrent endogenous Klebsiella endophthalmitis. Eye 2010;24:1630-1.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Das T, Choudhury K, Sharma S, Jalali S, Nuthethi R; the Endophthalmitis Research Group. Clinical profile and outcome of Bacillus endophthalmitis. Ophthalmology 2001;108:1819-25.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
Sharma S, Jalali S, Adiraju MV, Gopinathan U, Das T. Sensitivity and predictability of vitreous cytology, biopsy, and membrane filter culture in endophthalmitis. Retina 1996;16:525-9.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Mithal K, Pathengay A, Bawdekar A, Jindal A, Vira D, Relhan N, et al. Filamentous fungal endophthalmitis: Results of a combination therapy with intravitreal Amphotericin B and voriconazole. Clin Ophthalmol 2015;13:649-55.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Radhika M, Mithal K, Bawdekar A, Dave V, Jindal A, Relhan N, et al. Pharmacokinetics of intravitreal antibiotics in endophthalmitis. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2014;4:22.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Muda R, Vayavari V, Subbiah D, Ishak H, Adnan A, Mohamed SO. Endogenous endophthalmitis: A 9-year retrospective study at a tertiary referral hospital in Malaysia. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2018;8:14.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.
Shenoy SB, Thotakura M, Kamath Y, Bekur R. Endogenous endophthalmitis in patient with MRSA septicemia: A case series and review of literature. Ocular Immunol Inflamm 2016;24:515-20.  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.
Jackson TL, Paraskevopoulos T, Georgalas I. Systematic review of 342 cases of endogenous endophthalmitis. Surv Ophthalmol 2014;59:627-35.  Back to cited text no. 13
    
14.
Sadiq MA, Hassan M, Agarwal A, Sarwar S, Toufeeq S, Soliman MK, et al. Endogenous endophthalmitis: Diagnosis, management and prognosis. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2015;5:32.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.
Ratra D, Saurabh K, Das D, Nachiappan K, Nagpal A, Rishi E, et al. Endogenous endophthalmitis: A 10-year retrospective study at a tertiary hospital in South India. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol 2015;4:286-92.  Back to cited text no. 15
    
16.
Binder MI, Chua J, Kaiser PK, Procop GW, Isada CM. Endogenous endophthalmitis: An 18-year review of culture-positive cases at a tertiary care center. Medicine 2003;82:97-105.  Back to cited text no. 16
    
17.
Essman TF, Flynn HW Jr, Smiddy WE, Brod RD, Murray TG, Davis JL, et al. Treatment outcomes in a 10-year study of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1997;28:185-94.  Back to cited text no. 17
    
18.
Wong JS, Chan TK, Lee HM, Chee SP. Endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis: An East Asian experience and a reappraisal of a severe ocular affliction. Ophthalmology 2000;107:1483-91.  Back to cited text no. 18
    
19.
Chen YJ, Kuo HK, Wu PC, Kuo ML, Tsai HH, Liu CC, et al. A 10-year comparison of endogenous endophthalmitis outcomes: An East Asian experience with Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Retina 2004;24:383-90.  Back to cited text no. 19
    
20.
Yang CS, Tsai HY, Sung CS, Lin KH, Lee FL, Hsu WM. Endogenous Klebsiella endophthalmitis associated with pyogenic liver abscess. Ophthalmology 2007;114:876-80.  Back to cited text no. 20
    
21.
Jalali S, Pehere N, Rani PK, Bobbilli RB, Nalamada S, Motukupallly SR, et al. Treatment outcomes and clinicomicrobiological characteristics of a protocol-based approach for neonatal endogenous endophthalmitis. Eur J Ophthalmol 2013;24:424-36.  Back to cited text no. 21
    
22.
Basu S, Kumar A, Kapoor K, Bagri NK, Chandra A. Neonatal endogenous endophthalmitis: A report of six cases. Pediatrics 2013;131:e1292-7.  Back to cited text no. 22
    
23.
Garg SP, Talwar D, VermaLK. Metastatic endophthalmitis: A reappraisal. Ann Ophthalmol 1991;23:74-8.  Back to cited text no. 23
    
24.
Gonzalez GA, Whitcher JP, Irvine AR, O'Brien JM. A ring hypopyon in a patient with meningococcal endophthalmitis: A case report and review of the literature. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1998;35:329-33.  Back to cited text no. 24
    
25.
Kuriyan AE, Weiss KD, Flynn HW Jr, Smiddy WE, Berrocal AM, Albini TA. Endophthalmitis caused by Streptococcal species. Clinical settings, microbiology, management and outcomes. Am J Ophthalmol 2014;157:774-80.  Back to cited text no. 25
    
26.
Yospaiboon Y, Meethongkam K, Sinawat S, Laovirojjanakul W, Ratanapakorn T, Sanguansak T, et al. Predictive factors in the treatment of streptococcal endophthalmitis. Clinical Ophthalmol 2018;12:859-64.  Back to cited text no. 26
    
27.
Eifrig CW, Scott IU, Flynn HW Jr, Miller D. Endophthalmitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ophthalmology 2003;110:1714-17.  Back to cited text no. 27
    
28.
Sridhar J, Flynn WR Jr, AE, Miller D, Albini T. Endogenous fungal endophthalmitis: Risk factors, clinical features, and treatment outcomes in mold and yeast infections. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2013;3:60.  Back to cited text no. 28
    
29.
Gupta A, Gupta V, Dogra MR, Chakrabarti A, Ray P, Ram J, et al. Fungal endophthalmitis after a single intravenous administration of presumably contaminated dextrose infusion fluid. Retina 2000;20:262-8.  Back to cited text no. 29
    
30.
Dogra M, Akella M, Dogra MR, Gupta A. Presumably contaminated intravenous infusion-induced Aspergillus terreus endogenous endophthalmitis presenting with posterior hypopyon. Indian J Ophthalmol 2018;66:593-5.  Back to cited text no. 30
[PUBMED]  [Full text]  



 
 
    Tables

  [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5], [Table 6]


This article has been cited by
1 Regional Variation of Infectious Agents Causing Inpatient Endogenous Endophthalmitis in the US: A National Analysis
Owais M. Aftab, Anup Dupaguntla, Hamza Khan, Aditya Uppuluri, Marco A. Zarbin, Neelakshi Bhagat
Ophthalmology Retina. 2024;
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
2 PRESENTATIONS AND FACTORS AFFECTING OUTCOME OF RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT WITH CHOROIDAL DETACHMENT
Vivek Pravin Dave, Hung-Da Chou, Hardik Kiri, Fok Chak Ieng, Yih-Shiou Hwang, Wei-Chi Wu, Kuan-Jen Chen, Anthony Vipin Das, Avinash Pathengay, Rajeev Reddy Pappuru, Chi-Chun Lai
Retina. 2024; 44(2): 255
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
3 Endogenous Endophthalmitis in COVID-19 Patients: A Case Series and Literature Review
Ashish Markan, Mohit Dogra, Deeksha Katoch, Mandeep Tomar, Hitisha Mittal, Ramandeep Singh
Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 2023; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
4 Consensus and controversies in the science of endophthalmitis management: Basic research and clinical perspectives
Taraprasad Das, Joveeta Joseph, Matthew Simunovic, Andrzej Grzybowski, Ken-Jen Chen, Vivek Pravin Dave, Savitri Sharma, Patrick Staropoli, Harry Flynn
Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 2023; : 101218
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
5 A case of hemodialysis vascular access-related infection with endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis
Akito Takashima, Katsunori Matsumura, Fuyuko Akagaki, Aya Nakamori, Toshihiro Sugiura
Nihon Toseki Igakkai Zasshi. 2023; 56(7): 271
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
6 CULTURE POSITIVITY RATES OF DEEP VITREOUS BIOPSY UNDER AIR VIS-À-VIS CONVENTIONAL ANTERIOR VITREOUS BIOPSY IN ENDOGENOUS ENDOPHTHALMITIS
Vivek Pravin Dave, Nidhi Vithalani, Esther Sheba, Joveeta Joseph, Avinash Pathengay
Retina. 2022; 42(11): 2128
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
7 Recent Advances and Ongoing Challenges in the Diagnosis of Culture Negative Endophthalmitis
Poonam Naik, Jaishree Gandhi, Joveeta Joseph
Seminars in Ophthalmology. 2022; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
8 Endogenous Endophthalmitis - A Major Review
Cen Amy Xie, Jayanti Singh, Mudit Tyagi, Sofia Androudi, Vivek Pravin Dave, Atul Arora, Vishali Gupta, Rupesh Agrawal, Helen Mi, Alok Sen
Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 2022; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
9 The Diagnosis and Treatment of Fungal Endophthalmitis: An Update
Ciprian Danielescu, Horia Tudor Stanca, Raluca-Eugenia Iorga, Diana-Maria Darabus, Vasile Potop
Diagnostics. 2022; 12(3): 679
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
10 Gram-Negative Endogenous Endophthalmitis: A Systematic Review
Giorgio Tiecco, Davide Laurenda, Alice Mulè, Stefania Arsuffi, Samuele Storti, Manuela Migliorati, Alessandro Boldini, Liana Signorini, Francesco Castelli, Eugenia Quiros-Roldan
Microorganisms. 2022; 11(1): 80
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
11 How to best manage a patient with Bacillus endophthalmitis: current insights
Amin Ahmadi, Mohammad Soleimani, Ali A. Haydar, Shima Moslemi Haghighi
Expert Review of Ophthalmology. 2021; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]
12 Streptococcus pneumoniae endophthalmitis: clinical settings, antibiotic susceptibility, and visual outcomes
Kuan-Jen Chen, Ying-Jiun Chong, Ming-Hui Sun, Hung-Chi Chen, Laura Liu, Yen-Po Chen, Wei-Chi Wu, Eugene Yu-Chuan Kang, Chi-Chun Lai
Scientific Reports. 2021; 11(1)
[Pubmed] | [DOI]



 

Top
 
 
  Search
 
    Similar in PUBMED
 Related articles
    Access Statistics
    Email Alert *
    Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)  

 
  In this article
Abstract
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Article Tables

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed2188    
    Printed51    
    Emailed0    
    PDF Downloaded297    
    Comments [Add]    
    Cited by others 12    

Recommend this journal