author = {Prema, Raju. and George, Ronnie. and Sathyamangalam Ve, Ramesh. and Hemamalini, Arvind. and Baskaran, Mani. and Kumaramanickavel, Govindaswamy. and Catherine, McCarty. and Vijaya, Lingam.}, title = {{Comparison of refractive errors and factors associated with spectacle use in a rural and urban South Indian population}}, journal ={Indian Journal of Ophthalmology}, volume ={56}, number ={2}, pages = {139-144}, doi = {10.4103/0301-4738.39119}, year = {2008}, abstract ={Purpose: To compare the prevalence of refractive errors and factors associated with spectacle use in a rural and urban south Indian population. Materials and Methods: Four thousand eight hundred subjects (age >39 years) each from rural and urban Tamil Nadu were enumerated for a population-based study. All participants underwent a complete ophthalmic evaluation including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), objective and subjective refraction. Out of 3924 rural responders 63.91% and out of 3850 urban responders 81.64% were phakic in the right eye with BCVA of 20/40 or better and were included in the study. Association of spectacle use and refractive errors with different parameters were analysed using logistic regression. Statistical Analysis: Chi square, t test, Chi square for trend and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used for analysis. Results: Spectacle use was significantly higher and positively associated with literacy and employment in the urban population. The age and gender-adjusted prevalence of emmetropia, myopia of spherical equivalent (SE) ≤-0.50 diopter sphere (DS), high myopia (SE ≤-5.00DS), hyperopia (SE >0.50DS) and astigmatism ≤ 0.50 diopter cylinder (DC) were 46.8%, 31.0%, 4.3%, 17.9% and 60.4% respectively in the rural population and 29.0%, 17.6%, 1.5%, 51.9%, 59.1% respectively in the urban population. The prevalence of emmetropia decreased with age ( p < 0.001); prevalence of myopia and high myopia increased with age ( p = 0.001) and were associated with nuclear sclerosis ( p = 0.001) in both populations. Hyperopia was commoner among women than men ( p = 0.001); was positively associated with diabetes mellitus ( p = 0.008) in the rural population and negatively with nuclear sclerosis ( p = 0.001) in both populations. Conclusion: Spectacle use was found to be significantly lower in the rural population. The pattern of refractive errors was significantly different between both populations.}, URL ={https://journals.lww.com/ijo/pages/default.aspx/article.asp?issn=0301-4738;year=2008;volume=56;issue=2;spage=139;epage=144;aulast=Prema;t=6}, eprint ={https://journals.lww.com/ijo/pages/default.aspx/article.asp?issn=0301-4738;year=2008;volume=56;issue=2;spage=139;epage=144;aulast=Prema;t=6} }